| 词条 | Dai Commandery | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|pic=File:行摄梓地 www.hiroko.cn DSC 5203.jpg |piccap=The ruins of ancient Dai in Yu County, Hebei |c={{linktext|代郡}} |p=Dàijùn |w=Tai Chün Tai-chün |l= }} Dai Commandery was a commandery (jùn) of the state of Zhao established {{c.|300}}{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}} and of northern imperial Chinese dynasties until the time of the Wen Emperor of the Sui dynasty (reigned {{sc|ad}}{{nbsp}}581–604). It occupied lands in what is now Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia. Its seat was usually at Dai or Daixian (near present-day Yuzhou in Hebei), although it was moved to Gaoliu (present-day Yanggao in Shanxi) during the Eastern Han. NameThe name derives from the White Di kingdom of Dai, conquered by the Zhao family of Jin.{{sfnp|Johnston|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=5wwmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 170–1]}} History{{anchor|Zhao}}Zhao Kingdom{{see also|Dai (Spring and Autumn)|Dai (Warring States)}}Dai Commandery was first established around 300{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}} during China's Warring States Period by the state of Zhao's King Yong, posthumously known as the Wuling ("Martial-&-Numinous") King.[1] The commandery seat—then known as Dai—was southwest of present-day Yuzhou in Hebei.[2] It was the former capital of the independent state of Dai, which had been conquered by King Yong's ancestors around 476{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}.[3] He created Dai Commandery along with its companion commanderies of Yanmen and Yunzhong to consolidate his conquests[1] from invasions of the Loufan (t{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|樓煩}}}},}} s{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|楼烦}}}},}} Lóufán) and "forest nomads" ({{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|林|胡}}}},}} Línhú) in 306 and 304{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}.{{sfnp|Spring|2015|p=[https://books.google.ch/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 176]}} Following the Qin conquest of Zhao, Zhao Jia attempted to regroup at Dai, declaring himself its king.[3] This Kingdom of Dai was ended by Qin in 222{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}},[3] just prior to the declaration of the Qin Empire two years later. {{anchor|Qin}}Qin EmpireDai Commandery was one of the divisions of the Qin Empire.{{sfnp|Hou|2009}} Its seat—then known as Daixian—continued to be near present-day Yuzhou.[4]
Eighteen KingdomsDuring the interregnum following Qin's collapse, Dai was one of the Eighteen Kingdoms established by Xiang Yu. It was ruled by Zhao Xie and Chun Yu. {{anchor|Han|Western Han}}Western Han Empire{{see also|Prince of Dai}}Under the Han, Dai Prefecture formed part of the province of Bingzhou and oversaw 18 counties,{{sfn|Book of Han|loc=Vol. 28B, "Treatise on Geography", Pt. 8B}} both within and beyond the Great Wall.[2] Along with Yunzhong and Yanmen, it also formed part of the Principality of Dai, used as an imperial appanage.[3] The Book of Han records Dai Commandery having 278,754 people living in 56,771 households.{{sfn|Book of Han|loc=Vol. 28B, "Treatise on Geography", Pt. 8B}} The Han administration kept the seat at Daixian near present-day Yuzhou[4] and continued the Qin-era counties (renaming "New Pingshu County" to simply "Pingshu County"), with the addition of:{{sfn|Book of Han|loc=Vol. 28B, "Treatise on Geography", Pt. 8B}}
Xin EmpireUnder the short-lived Xin dynasty established by Wang Mang, several of the Han counties were renamed. {{anchor|Eastern Han}}Eastern Han EmpireUnder the Eastern Han, Dai Commandery formed part of the province of Youzhou.{{sfnp|De Crespigny|2016|p=250}} Its seat—then known as Gaoliu—was southwest[2] of present-day Yanggao in northeastern Shanxi.[4] {{anchor|Wei|Cao Wei}}Wei KingdomDuring China's Three Kingdoms Period, Wei returned the commandery seat to Daixian (near present-day Yuzhou, Hebei).[4] {{anchor|Later Yan|Northern Wei}}Sixteen Kingdoms{{see also|Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)}}During China's Sixteen Kingdoms Period, both Later Yan and the Northern Wei had commanderies named Dai.[4] Northern Wei's lay to the west, with its seat at Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi).[4] Separate from these, Tuoba Yilu was declared "Duke of Dai" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|代|公}}}}) by the Jin in {{sc|ad}}{{nbsp}}310 and (vassal) "King of Dai" by the same court in 315.[3] This Xianbei Kingdom of Dai lasted until 376, and its dynasts were responsible for the later state of Northern Wei.[3] It held some lands in northern Shanxi and Hebei but was mostly to their north in what is now Inner Mongolia, with their capital at Shengle (northwest of present-day Horinger).[3] Sui Empire{{main|Dai Prefecture}}Dai Commandery continued until its abolishment under the Wen Emperor of Sui, who replaced it in 585 with Dai Prefecture, whose seat was at Guangwu or Yanmen (present-day Daixian, Shanxi).[5] Notes{{noteslist}}ReferencesCitations1. ^1 {{harvp|Di Cosmo|2002|p=[https://books.google.ch/books?id=Vo7TmTbE-t0C&pg=PA143 143]}}. 2. ^1 2 {{harvp|Hua & al.|2017|loc=s.v. [https://books.google.ch/books?id=jUxeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 "Dai zhou"]}}. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.ch/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA105 Dai]"}}. 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.ch/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA106 Daijun]"}}. 5. ^{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.ch/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA106 Daizhou]"}}. Bibliography{{ref begin}}
External links
5 : Former commanderies of China|Commanderies of the Qin dynasty|Commanderies of the Han dynasty|Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (265–420)|Commanderies of the Sui dynasty |
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