词条 | Xhosa music |
释义 |
Xhosa music has long been a major part of the music of South Africa, especially in the field of jazz. There are many Xhosa clans, each with their own styles of drumming and dialects. Xhosa music is characteristically expressive and communicative which includes rhythmical expression of words and sounds. It also includes physical movement employed when clapping, dancing or playing a musical instrument. Different Xhosa chiefdoms share similar musical concepts.[1][2] Music in Xhosa SocietyLearning traditional music begins with incentive and desire to fully share in the life of the village as almost every occasion of life including play songs for children, the girls' and boys' untshotso song as they grow, the intlombe dance parties, songs and dances of initiation practices, ancestor songs and beer songs. In order to share in the rites and ceremonies, it is necessary to learn the songs. The learning of music happens through observation, attention, developing music memory, practicing and learning rhythms from others.[3] Khoisan influenceXhosa people often use their voices to mimic nature's sound. Among Xhosa people, overtone singing is known as 'unngqokolo' which is a word derived from the Khoisan language language. Khoisan language and culture has strong influence over Xhosa music as many Khoisan music techniques and songs were assimilated into Xhosa music. Therefore, many Xhosa musical terms have Khoisan roots. Xhosa soundXhosa overtone singing is based on Xhosa bow instruments such as the 'umrhube' and 'uhadi' which are the two fundamental sounds in Xhosa music. Xhosa traditional musicians imitate the sounds of their musical bows using their voices through the maneuvering of their tongues and shaping of the mouth cavity. They produce overtones by raising the tongue therefore creating a resonance chamber. The characteristic sound of overtone singing is created by tightening the throat muscles to create a low, gutted, rasping sound. This techniques gives particularly women, a deeper voice. Overtone singing is only practised by women and it is generally the overtone singer who leads the song. Diviners often use overtone singing as they believe that it enables them to speak to the ancestors.[4] Musical instrumentsThe uhadi and umrhube is commonly used in Xhosa traditional music, other musical instruments include: Drums:
Performers
See also
References1. ^D. Dargie. International Library of African Music. African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections. African Music, Vol 7, No 3 (1996) pp 30-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30250058 Accessed 9 July 2018 2. ^notes on xhosa music 3. ^D. Dargie. International Library of African Music. African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections. African Music, Vol 7, No 3 (1996) pp 30-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30250058 Accessed 9 July 2018 4. ^ref>D. Dargie. International Library of African Music. African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections. African Music, Vol 7, No 3 (1996) pp 30-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30250058 Accessed 9 July 2018 5. ^Laurie Levine. The Drumcafé's Traditional Music of South Africa. Jacana Media, 2005. Page 80-83 Further reading
2 : Xhosa culture|South African styles of music |
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