| 词条 | Daphna Joel |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Daphna Joel דפנה יואל | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = Behavioral neuroscience | workplaces = Tel-Aviv University, Israel | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = | partner = | children = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{Official|http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/daphnajoel/}} | footnotes = }}Daphna Joel (Hebrew: דפנה יואל; born January 20, 1967) is an Israel Joel specializes in the brain mechanisms of human and animal behavior. She has published more than 50 articles in scientific journals and has been awarded prizes and research grants, including the Buchman Foundation grant, the Mifal Hapais Prize and a European Foundation grant. She received the college rector commendation for excellence in teaching. Joel is an active participant in the scientific discourse relating to brain differences between the sexes. According to her research, there is not such thing as a "male brain" or a "female brain", and she gives lectures on the subject in both scientific and lay conventions around the world. Academic careerJoel began her academic career during her compulsory military service, in the Talpiot program, which she left after a year and a half. After completing her military service, Joel enrolled in the Tel Aviv University program for outstanding students. She completed a bachelor's degree in medical science, followed by a doctorate in psychobiology (1998), which focused on how connections in the brain are organized. She then joined the faculty of neuroscience, after receiving an Alon fellowship for young Israeli scientists.[2] Her main area of research for 15 years was the cerebral mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). One of the main questions in Joel's research is whether there is a "male brain" and a "female brain"; whether human brains can be divided in a binary way, as is generally done with human genitals. According to Joelj's research, the answer is "no". One of the most important studies on which Joel's theory is based was done by pharmacologist Margaret McCarthy from the University of Maryland. McCarthy found that characteristics in male and female animal brains can cause changes in their shapes as a result of external circumstances such as stress. Joel concluded from the results of this study and other studies she examined that if under pressure certain areas of the brain can turn from their typical "female form" to the typical "male form" – there is no point in talking about a female brain and a male brain, and that this division is meaningless.[3] According to Joel, the brain has no sex, and the differences between "female" and "male" brains, though they exist, are minor and unrelated to each other. She was the first to talk about correlation in the context of the brain: a particular area of the brain, such as a large amygdala, does not predict anything about a different part of the brain, say, a small hippocampus.[4] Although there are differences in the brain between males and females, they are not organized.[5] Thus, if a "male" characteristic is found in a particular area, it does not actually mean anything about the masculinity or femininity of the other brain characteristics, which are determined by the complex interactions between sex, genetics and the environment.[3] Joel's conclusions have been challenged by others in the field of neuroscience, and she met with obstacles getting her first study on the subject published in 2011: Male or Female? Brains are Intersex.[6] Joel is a member of The NeuroGenderings Network[7] and has advocated in the media for a less gender essentialist approach to neuroscience.[8] Gender and feminismJoel counts gender and feminism among her research interests. In an interview with The Marker, she said that even as a child and during her military service (ages 18-20) she expressed feminist views.[9] Joel claims that in the gendered western world, males (as identified by their genitals) are channeled into being "boys", and genitally identified females – into "girls". According to Joel, the common social and cultural perception is one that divides the world of possibilities into two parts. In her opinion, in a world without gender, where there is no social and cultural significance to the shape of a person's genitals, there will be many more possibilities for both females and males.[5] In 2009, Joel began "Women/Men Conflict Groups" for psychology undergraduates, a program created by Prof. Ariella Friedman, according to a model developed in dialog groups of Jews and Arabs in Neve Shalom. Later, she developed a working model for groups dealing with gender issues, which combines the conflict group model with the awareness group model from the 1970s.[10] Based on this model, she began designing a course in psychology and gender – "Is pink a girl color?", which examined social conventions such as what is "feminine" and "masculine," and people's attitudes, often unconscious, towards various things from the perspective of their gender. The preparation of this course led Joel to her research into the "male brain" and "female brain" in the early 2000s. Honors and Awards
PublicationsSelect Refereed Articles
See also: {{cite journal | last1 = Cahill | first = Larry | title = Equal ≠ The Same: Sex Differences in the Human Brain | journal = Cerebrum | volume = 2014 | pmc = 4087190 | date = March–April 2014 | url = http://www.dana.org/Cerebrum/2014/Equal_%E2%89%A0_The_Same__Sex_Differences_in_the_Human_Brain/ | ref = harv }}
Chapters in Books
Non-Fiction/Science
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/daphnajoel/|title=Daphna Joel|website=people.socsci.tau.ac.il|publisher=Tel-Aviv University|access-date=25 August 2017}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/contributor/daphna-joel/|title=Daphna Joel|last=|first=|date=|website=Hachette Book Group|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 14, 2019}} 3. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/gendersci/joelqa|title=A Q&A with Daphna Joel on her new article, "Analysis of Human Brain Structure Reveals that the Brain 'Types' Typical of Males Are Also Typical of Females, and Vice Versa”|last=Richardson|first=Sarah|date=October 29, 2018|work=GenderSci Lab, Harvard University|access-date=March 14, 2019}} 4. ^{{Cite news | last1 = Joel | first1 = Daphna | last2 = Fine | first2 = Cordelia |author-link2= Cordelia Fine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/opinion/male-female-brains-mosaic.html|title=Can we finally stop talking about ‘male’ and ‘female’ brains?|first=|date=December 3, 2018|work=New York Times|access-date=March 14, 2019}} 5. ^1 TEDxJaffa, Dapha Joel: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYpDU040yzc Are Brains Male or Female?] Oct 8, 2012 6. ^{{cite journal | last = Joel | first = Daphna | title = Male or Female? Brains are Intersex | journal = Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 57 | page = | doi = 10.3389/fnint.2011.00057 | pmid = 21960961 | pmc = 3176412 | date = 20 September 2011 | ref = harv }} 7. ^{{cite web | title = Members | url = https://neurogenderings.wordpress.com/members-2/ | website = neurogenderings.wordpress.com | publisher = The NeuroGenderings Network | access-date = 25 August 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news | last1 = Joel | first1 = Daphna | last2 = Fine | first2 = Cordelia | author-link2 = Cordelia Fine | title = It's time to celebrate the fact that there are many ways to be male and female | work = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/01/brain-sex-many-ways-to-be-male-and-female | publisher = Guardian Media Group | date = 1 December 2015 | access-date = 25 August 2017}}:See also: {{cite journal | last1 = Joel | first1 = Daphna |display-authors=et al | title = Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 112 | issue = 50 | pages = 15468–15473 | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1509654112 | pmid = 26621705 | pmc = 4687544 | date = 15 December 2015 | url = https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509654112 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.themarker.com/magazine/1.1657618|title=הטקסט הזה ישנה לכם את המוח, וזה מדעי|last=רותי רודנר|first=|date=March 6, 2012|work=TheMarker|access-date=March 14, 2019}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Joel|first=Daphna|last2=Yarimi|first2=D.|date=2014|title=Consciousness-raising in a gender conflict group|url=|journal=International Journal of Group Psychotherapy|volume=64|pages=48–69|via=}} External links
10 : Cognitive scientists|Cognitive neuroscientists|Developmental psychologists|Living people|Tel Aviv University faculty|Women neuroscientists|Year of birth missing (living people)|Israeli neuroscientists|Israeli women scientists|1967 births |
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