“Yaa Asantewaa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Born in {{Circa}} 1840 in Besease, in southern Ghana, Yaa Asantewaa was the older of two children. Her brother, Afrane Panin, became the chief of Edweso, a nearby community. After a childhood without incident, she cultivated crops on the land around Boankra. She entered a polygamous marriage with a man from Kumasi, with whom she had a daughter.^[2]

Prelude to rebellion

During her brother's reign, Yaa Asantewaa saw the Ashanti Confederacy go through a series of events that threatened its future, including civil war from 1883 to 1888. When her brother died in 1894, Yaa Asantewaa used her right as Queen Mother to nominate her own grandson as Ejisuhene. When the British exiled him to the Seychelles in 1896, along with the King of Asante Prempeh I and other members of the Asante government, Yaa Asantewaa became regent of the Ejisu–Juaben district. After the deportation of Prempeh{{nbsp}}I, the British governor-general of the Gold Coast, Frederick Hodgson, demanded the Golden Stool, the symbol of the Asante nation.^[2] This request led to a secret meeting of the remaining members of the Asante government at Kumasi, to discuss how to secure the return of their king. There was a disagreement among those present on how to go about this. Yaa Asantewaa, who was present at this meeting, stood and addressed the members of the council with these now-famous words:^[3]

Yaa Asantewaa was chosen by a number of regional Asante kings to be the war-leader of the Asante fighting force. This is the first and only example for a woman to be given that role in Asante history.^[5] The Ashanti-British "War of the Golden Stool" was led by Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa with an army of 5,000. ^[6]

The rebellion and its aftermath

Yaa Asantewaa died in exile in the Seychelles on 17{{nbsp}}October 1921. Three years after her death, on 27{{nbsp}}December 1924, Prempeh{{nbsp}}I and the other remaining members of the exiled Asante court were allowed to return to Asante. Prempeh{{nbsp}}I made sure that the remains of Yaa Asantewaa and the other exiled Asantes were returned for a proper royal burial.^[9] Yaa Asantewaa's dream for an Asante free of British rule was realized on 6{{nbsp}}March 1957, when the Asante protectorate gained independence as part of Ghana, the first African nation in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve this feat.^[10]

Social roles of Asante women

Asantewaa understood the ramifications of British occupation, although she could neither read nor write the English language. She is seen by Ghanaians today as a queen mother who exercised her political and social clout to help defend her kingdom. The role she played in influencing the Ashanti men to battle the British appears to be a function of her matriarchal status. ^[11]The experience of seeing a woman serving as political and military head of an empire was foreign to British colonial troops in 19th-century Africa. Yaa Asantewaa's call upon the women of the Asante Empire is based on the political obligations of Akan women and their respective roles in legislative and judicial processes. The hierarchy of male stools among the Akan people was complemented by female counterparts. Within the village, elders who were heads of the matrilineages (mpanyimfo), constituted the village council known as the ôdekuro. The women known as the mpanyinfo, referred to as aberewa or ôbaa panyin, were responsible for looking after women's affairs. For every ôdekuro, an ôbaa panyin acted as the responsible party for the affairs of the women of the village and served as a member of the village council.^[12]

The head of a division, the ôhene, and the head of the autonomous political community, the ômanhene, had their female counterparts known as the ôhemaa: a female ruler who sat on their councils. The ôhemaa and ôhene were all of the same mogya, blood or localized matrilineage. The occupant of the female stool in Kumasi state, the Asantehemaa, and therefore, the united Asante, since her male counterpart was ex-officio of the Asanthene, was a member of the Kôtôkô Council, the Executive Committee or Cabinet of the Asanteman Nhyiamu, General Assembly of Asante rulers. Female stool occupants participated not only in the judicial and legislative processes but also in the making and unmaking of war, and the distribution of land.^[13]

Place in history and cultural legacy

Yaa Asantewaa remains a much-loved figure in Asante history and the history of Ghana as a whole for her role in confronting the colonialism of the British. She is immortalized in song as follows:

To highlight the importance of encouraging more female leaders in Ghanaian society, the Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Secondary School was established at Kumasi in 1960 with funds from the Ghana Education Trust.^[15]

In 2000 week-long centenary celebrations were held in Ghana to acknowledge Yaa Asantewaa's accomplishments. As part of these celebrations, a museum was dedicated to her at Kwaso in the Ejisu–Juaben District on 3{{nbsp}}August 2000. Unfortunately, a fire on 23{{nbsp}}July 2004 destroyed several historical items, including her sandals and battle dress (batakarikese) seen in the photograph above.^[16] The current Queen-mother of Ejisu is Yaa Asantewaa{{nbsp}}II. A second Yaa Asantewaa festival was held 1–5{{nbsp}}August 2006 in Ejisu.^[17]

The Yaa Asantewaa Centre in Maida Vale, west London, is an African–Caribbean arts and community centre.^[18] It took its name in 1986.^[19]

A television documentary by Ivor Agyeman–Duah entitled Yaa Asantewaa{{snd}}The Exile of King Prempeh and the Heroism of An African Queen was premiered in Ghana in 2001.^[20]

A stage show written by Margaret Busby, Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen, directed by Geraldine Connor and featuring master drummer Kofi Ghanaba,^[21]^[22] with a pan-African cast, toured the UK and Ghana in 2001–02.^[23]^[24] A radio drama by the same author was also serialized 13–17{{nbsp}}October 2003.^[25] on BBC Radio Four's Woman's Hour.^[26]^[27]

Further reading

References

1. ^Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (eds), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, p.{{nbsp}}276.
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|title=Yaa Asantewaa|author=Korsah, Chantal|publisher=Dangerous Women|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=20 February 2017 |language=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/05/queen-mother-nana-yaa-asantewaa.html|title=Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa of West Africa's Ashanti Empire |publisher=Black History Heroes|accessdate=20 February 2017 |language=}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Oforka|first=Venatius Chukwudum|title=The Bleeding Continent: How Africa Became Impoverished and Why It Remains Poor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZQ_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|year=2015|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-5144-2972-3|pages=97–}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Arhin Brempong|first=|year=2000|title=The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~taarn/LeGriot/article4.pdf|journal=Le Griot|volume= VIII|pages=|via=ucalgary.ca}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/05/queen-mother-nana-yaa-asantewaa.html|title=Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa of West Africa's Ashanti Empire|website=www.blackhistoryheroes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-24}}
7. ^Berry, L. V., Ghana: a Country Study.
8. ^{{cite book|last=Boahen|first=A. Adu|title=Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4ALSvMlbzUC|year=2003|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=978-0-85255-443-2}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Boahen|first=A. Adu|title=The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself and Other Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5a78btyKMC&pg=PA25|year=2003|publisher=British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726261-0|pages=25–}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Bourret|first=F. M.|title=Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919-1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjisAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2|year=1960|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0400-7|pages=2–}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=listening_to_the_voices|title=The Impact of Matriarchal Traditions on the Advancement of Ashanti Women in Ghana |last=Karen |first=McGee |date=2015}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Arhin|first=Kwame|title=Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana: 1951-1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vV1yAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sedco|isbn=978-9964-72-173-2}}
13. ^Arhin, Kwame, "The Political and Military Roles of Akan Women", in Christine Oppong (ed.), Female and Male in West Africa, London: Allen and Unwin, 1983.
14. ^"Yaa Asantewaa", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, 2008, quoting Arhin, p. 97.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eveyo.com/newsnow/advt.php?blurb=8510|title=Yaa Asantewaa Senior High School|publisher=Eveyo|accessdate=20 February 2017 |language=}}
16. ^"Fire guts Yaa Asantewaa Museum", GhanaWeb, 25 July 2004.
17. ^[https://archive.today/20130124110838/http://www.ghanaweb.com/public_agenda/article.php?ID=4731 Public Agenda (16 January 2006)]
18. ^Carnival Village website.
19. ^Dixon, Carol, "Spotlight: April - May 2002 Yaa Asantewaa Arts and Community Centre" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108205128/http://www.casbah.ac.uk/newsreport6.stm |date=8 January 2014 }}, Casbah Project.
20. ^Dadson, Pajohn, "Ghana: Yaa Asantewaa Has Landed", AllAfrica, 18 May 2001.
21. ^Wilmer, Val, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/07/obituary-kofi-ghanaba "Kofi Ghanaba obituary"], The Guardian, 7 February 2009.
22. ^Osei Boateng, "Yaa Asantewaa on stage: The Exploits of Yaa Asantewaa, the Warrior Queen of the Asantes in Ghana...", New African, 1 April 2001. The Free Library.
23. ^Busby, Margaret, [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/31/geraldine-connor "Obituary of Geraldine Connor"], Guardian, 31 October 2011.
24. ^Duodu, Cameron, "Yaa Asantewaa—Warrior Queen", New African, 1 June 2001. The Free Library.
25. ^"Yaa Asantewaa", RadioListings.
26. ^[https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=caribbean-studies;555375a3.03 BBC Radio 4 Promotion Note], Title: YAA ASANTEWAA by Margaret Busby.
27. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23551464.html "Briefing: Yaa Asantewaa"], The Herald, 13 October 2003.