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词条 Yakkha
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. Exonyms

  3. Yakkha Land (Yākkhālen)

  4. Religion, language and culture

  5. Population

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{About|the Nepalese ethnic group|the creature of Buddhist and Hindu mythology|Yaksha|}}Yakkha (Nepali याक्खा, Yākkhā) is an indigenous ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent, mainly in modern-day Nepal and present-day India (identical with its Kirat family consisting of Limbu, Sunuwar, and Rai of Mongoloid physiognomy). It is one of the progenies of Nepal's prehistoric Kirat dynasty. The Yakkha people are subsistence farmers who inhabit the lower Arun valley in eastern Nepal. They number only a few thousand and their language is nearly extinct.[1][2]

Etymology

Scholars have different opinions regarding the origin of the word Yakkha. One school of thought claims that the ethnonym Yakkha as per the Aryan Sanskrit grammar had been spelled in the Aryan-Hindu mythologies as Yaksa-sh (like Bhisu-shu for an ascetic Bhikchu of the Buddhist holy scripts). Although the legendary Yaksa-sh, by the corrupt name of Yakkha, is being hailed in the Hindu holy scripts, Vedas and the ancient Sanskrit Literature, Yakkha has historically been consistent in the use of its own endonyms. Yakkhawa or Yakkhaba is used to denote the male person and Yakkhama to denote the female person.[3]

Exonyms

The Yakkhas are also known by the exonyms Majhiya, Jimidar and Dewan, titles they accepted after the conquest of the Kirat land by the Gorkhas under Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Yakkhas were not only given ownership of the land but were also given the responsibility of collecting taxes from the lands utilised by Yakkhas as well as non-Yakkhas living in the area. In Darjeeling district and Sikkim of India, Dewan is commonly used as a synonym of Yakkha, and as Dewans they are placed in the Other Backward Class category.[4]

Yakkha Land (Yākkhālen)

Today, the Yakkha Motherland is considered a patch among the historic Kirat region (i.e., east of the Kathmandu valley). During the so-called National Unification of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the traditional bases of the Kirat Lands were merged. The Far Kirat (Pallo Kirat) of the Ten Limbuwan area to the east of the Arun River was divided into seventeen Thums. Among these Seventeen Thums, the Panch (5) Khapan, Panch (5) Majhiya and Das (10) Majhiya; Tin Thum Yakkhalen are regarded as the traditional area of the Yakkhas. This Yakkha area is the Southern part of Sankhuwasabha district bordering the Terhathum District and Taplejung District in the East; Dhankuta District in the South; and Bhojpur District in the West; of the Eastern Nepal. Sibhuwa, Syabun, Wana, Dadagau, Swachi, Yangsijong are the names of 5 Khapan; Madi Mulkharka, Tamafok, Mamgling, Ankhibhuin, Chanuwa, Dandagaun, etc. are the names of the 10 Majhiyas and Hattisudhe, Kingring, Chapabhuin, etc. are the name of 5 Majhiyas.[5]

Religion, language and culture

The Yakkhas have a distinct language, culture and tradition. The Yakkha language is a Tibeto-Burman language. The onset of modernism and influence from external factors have caused a rapid disappearance of the Yakkha language.[6] The Yakkhas practice the Kirati religion of nature worship. There are 32 family names (Thar) in the Yakkhas. Each Thar also has a sub-group called the Sameychong. Marriages do not occur between families sharing the same Sameychong.

Population

As per the National Population and Housing Census 2011 of Nepal, the population of Yakkhas in Nepal was 24,336.[7] As per the population census of Nepal 2001, there were 17,003 Yakkhas in Nepal, of which 81.43% were Kirats, 14.17% were Hindus and 1.04% were Buddhists. A few thousand Yakkhas live in Darjeeling district, Sikkim, North-Eastern states and other parts of India.

Notes

1. ^K. David Harrison When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the ... Page 172 2007 "The Yakkha people are subsistence farmers who number only a few thousand and inhabit the lower Arun valley in eastern Nepal."
2. ^ Mark-Anthony Falzon Multi-Sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis, and Locality in ... Page 5 - 2009 "5 He proceeded to do multi-sited fieldwork with Yakkha people in Tamaphok, Nepal, and various migrant destinations in India and elsewhere."
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kiratyakkhachhumma.co.uk/about/index.php |title=Kirat Yakkha Chhumma UK |publisher=Kiratyakkhachhumma.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}
4. ^http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/orders/Reserv_Obc/2927-BCW-MR-436-99.pdf
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kiratyakkhachhumma.co.uk |title=Kirat Yakkha Chhumma|publisher=KYC, UK|date= |accessdate=2018-05-04}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/languages/yakkha |title=Yakkha |publisher=Himalayan Languages |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=81151 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal |accessdate=2017-10-26}}

References

  • {{cite book |title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis|year=2009 |publisher= SIL International|location= Dallas, Texas|isbn= |edition=16th}}
  • {{cite book |title= The Yakha: Culture, Environment and Development in East Nepal|last=Russell |first=Andrew|year=1992 |publisher= Wolfson College, University of Oxford |location= |isbn= |language= }} Ph.D. Thesis.
  • {{cite book |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal |last1= Russell|first1= Andrew J. |editor1-first= David N.|editor1-last= Gellner|editor2-first= John|editor2-last= Whelpton|editor3-first=Joanna |editor3-last=Pfaff-Czarnecka |chapter= Identity Management and Cultural Change: Religion and Politics Amongst the Yakha|year= 1997|pages=325–350|publisher= Harwood Academic Publishers|location=Amsterdam |isbn= 90-5702-089-0|oclc=468829815}}
  • {{cite journal |doi= 10.3167/146526000782488045 |last1= Russell|first1= Andrew J. |date=Summer 2000 |title= The Missing and the Met: Routing Clifford amongst the Yakha in Nepal and NE India |journal= Journeys|volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=86–113}}
  • {{cite journal |doi= 10.1080/0275720042000257458 |last1= Russell|first1= Andrew J.|year= 2004|title= Traditions in Transition: Sanskritization and Yakkhafication in East Nepal|journal= History and Anthropology |volume= 15|issue= 3|pages= 251–261|oclc=366675559}}
  • {{cite journal |last1= Russell|first1= Andrew J. |date=September 2007 |title= Writing Traveling Cultures: Travel and Ethnography amongst the Yakkha of East Nepal|journal= Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology|volume= 72|issue= 3|pages= 361–382|url= |doi=10.1080/00141840701576976}}
  • {{cite book |title= Politics of Culture: A Study of Three Kirata Communities in the Eastern Himalayas|last=Subba |first=Tanka B.|year= 1999|publisher= Orient Longman|location=Chennai |isbn= 81-250-1693-7|oclc=44510406}}
  • {{cite book |title= Kirat Yakkha Ko Itihas Ek Chhalphal|last=Yakkha |first=Durga Hang|year=2002 |publisher= |location= |isbn= |language=Nepali}} Discussion on the history of the Kirat Yakkha.

External links

  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFZ_Ok1F3ck Yakkha Documentary]
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}

3 : Indigenous peoples of Nepal|Himalayan peoples|Social groups of West Bengal
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