“Yakov Yurovsky”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky ({{lang-ru|Я́ков Миха́йлович Юро́вский}}; {{OldStyleDate|19 June|1878|7 June}} – 2 August 1938) was a Russian Old Bolshevik and a Soviet Revolutionary. He was best known as the chief executioner of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, his family, and four retainers on the night of 16 July 1918.

Biography

Early life

Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky was the eighth of ten children born to Mikhail Yurovsky, a glazier, and his wife Ester Moiseevna (1848–1919), a seamstress. He was born on {{OldStyleDate|19 June|1878|7 June}} in the Siberian city of Tomsk, Russia. The Yurovsky family were Jewish. The historian Helen Rappaport writes that the young Yurovsky studied the Talmud in his early youth, while the family seems to have later attempted to distance themselves from their Jewish roots; this may have been prompted by the prejudice toward Jews frequently exhibited in Russia at the time.^[1] Shortly before fully devoting himself to the cause of revolution, in the early twentieth century Yurovsky converted to Lutheranism.^[1]

After returning to Russia during the Russian Revolution of 1905, he joined the Bolsheviks. Arrested several times over the years, he became a devoted Marxist.

Execution of the Imperial Family

On the night of 16/17 July 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police (Cheka), led by Yurovsky, executed Russia's last Emperor, Nicholas II, along with his wife Alexandra, their four daughters–Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia–and son Alexei. Along with the family, four members of the imperial household (court physician Eugene Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov and footman Alexei Trupp) were also killed. All were shot in a half-cellar room (measured to be 25 feet x 21 feet) of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, a city in the Ural Mountains region, where they were being held prisoner. The firing squad comprised three local Bolsheviks and seven soldiers. It has been documented that the order to assassinate the Imperial family came from Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow and had been initiated by Lenin himself. It is also well documented that Yurovsky had visited the Bolshevik leadership in Moscow, and notably Sverdlov, only a few weeks before the killing took place. {{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

To prevent the development of a personality cult of the former Imperial Family, the bodies were removed to the countryside, where they were initially thrown into an abandoned mineshaft. The following morning, when rumours spread in Yekaterinburg regarding the disposal site, Yurovsky removed the bodies and concealed them elsewhere. When the vehicle carrying the bodies broke down on the way to the next chosen site, he made new arrangements and buried most of the bodies in a sealed and concealed pit on Koptyaki Road, a since-abandoned cart track 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg.

Post-Civil War

During and after the Russian Civil War, Yurovsky worked as a head of local Cheka in Moscow, then member of Vyatka Cheka, head of Yekaterinburg Cheka (1919). In 1921, he worked in the Rabkrin and became Chief of the Gold Department of the Soviet State Treasury. Yurovsky achieved a solid reputation by combating corruption and theft. He also worked in management at the Polytechnical Museum starting in 1928 and became its director in 1930. He died in 1938 of a peptic ulcer.

In 1920, a British officer who met Yurovsky recorded that he was remorseful over his role in the execution of the Romanovs.^[2]

In popular culture

The character of Yakov Yurovsky appeared in several historical films dealing with the execution of the Russian Imperial Family.

In the 1971 British epic Nicholas and Alexandra, Yurovsky was depicted much older than 40 (his real age in 1918), as he was played by 65-years-old Alan Webb.

In the 1991 Russian film Tsareubiytsa, Yurovsky was portrayed by Malcolm McDowell.

Notes

1. ^¹Rappaport, Helen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TXHdWwcGQ0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Last+Days+of+the+Romanovs&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg]. {{ISBN|0-312-37976-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-37976-6}}. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2009. p. 32.
2. ^Yakov Yurovsky, a biographical sketch adapted from {{cite book |last1=King |first1=Greg |last2=Wilson |first2=Penny |year=2005 |title=The Fate of the Romanovs |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0471727972 }}

Unless otherwise noted, all dates used in this article are of the Gregorian Calendar, as opposed to the Julian Calendar which was used in Russia prior to {{OldStyleDate|14 February|1918|1 February}}

External links