| 词条 | Yakshini |
| 释义 |
|type = Hindu |deity_of= |image= |caption=Didarganj Yakshi 3rd century BCE- 2nd century CE[1][2] Patna Museum, Patna |texts= |planet= |parents= |affiliation=Devi |Devanagari=याक्षिणि }} Yakshini (also known as Yakshi; Yakkhini in Pali) are mythical beings of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain mythology. Yakshini (Yakshi) is the female counterpart of the male Yaksha, and they are attendees of Kubera, the Hindu god of wealth who rules in the mythical Himalayan kingdom of Alaka. Yakshinis are often depicted as beautiful and voluptuous, with a chauri (fly-whisk) in right hand, fleshy cheeks, with wide hips, narrow waists, broad shoulders, knotted hair and exaggerated, spherical breasts. In Uddamareshvara Tantra, thirty-six Yakshinis are described, including their mantras and ritual prescriptions. A similar list of Yakshas and Yakshinis are given in the Tantraraja Tantra, where it says that these beings are givers of whatever is desired. Although Yakshinis are usually benevolent, there are also yakshinis with malevolent characteristics in Indian folklore.[3] They are the guardians of the treasure hidden in the earth. {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} 36 YakshinisThe list of thirty six yakshinis given in the Uddamareshvara Tantra is as follows:[3] {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Early figuresThe three sites of Bharhut, Sanchi, and Mathura, have yielded huge numbers of Yakshi figures, most commonly on the railing pillars of stupas. These show a clear development and progression that establishes certain characteristics of the Yakshi figure such as her nudity, smiling face and evident (often exaggerated) feminine charms that lead to their association with fertility. The yakshi is usually shown with her hand touching a tree branch, and a sinuous pose, Sanskrit tribhanga, thus some authors hold that the young girl at the foot of the tree is based on an ancient tree deity.[4] The ashoka tree is closely associated with the Yakshini mythological beings. One of the recurring elements in Indian art, often found at gates of Buddhist and Hindu temples, is a Yakshi with her foot on the trunk and her hands holding the branch of a stylized flowering ashoka or, less frequently, other tree with flowers or fruits. As an artistic element, often the tree and the Yakshi are subject to heavy stylization. Some authors hold that the young girl at the foot of the tree is based on an ancient fertility symbol of the Indian Subcontinent.[4] Yakshis were important in early Buddhist monuments as a decorative element and are found in many ancient Buddhist archaeological sites. They became Salabhanjikas (sal tree maidens) with the passing of the centuries, a standard decorative element of both Indian sculpture and Indian temple architecture.[5] The sal tree (Shorea robusta) is often confused with the ashoka tree (Saraca indica) in the ancient literature of the Indian Subcontinent.[6] The position of the Salabhanjika is also related to the position of Queen Māyā of Sakya when she gave birth to Gautama Buddha under an asoka tree in a garden in Lumbini, while grasping its branch.[5] Yakshis in Jainism{{multiple image| image1 = Jain Goddess Chakreshwari - Kankali Mound - Circa 10th Century CE - ACCN 00-D-6 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5387.JPG | width1 = 170 | height1 = 100 | caption1 = An image of Jain goddess Chakreshvari, c. 10th century, Mathura Museum | image2 = Indian - Mandala of Padmavati - Walters 543007.jpg | width2 = 175 | height2 = 130 | caption2 = Padmavati, 11th century, Walters Art Museum }} In Jainism, there are twenty-four yakshis, including Chakreshvari, Ambika, and Padmavati, who are frequently represented in Jain temples.[7] The names according to Tiloyapannatti (or Pratishthasarasangraha) and Abhidhanachintamani are:
Yakshis in modern literatureIn the horror fictions in South India, especially in Malayalam literature, Yakshis are mostly not considered benevolent. They are portrayed as alluring men and finally killing them. The following are the prominent fiction characters. Kalliyankattu NeeliOne of the most famous legendary stories of Yakshis in Kerala is that of Kalliyankattu Neeli, a powerful demoness who was fabled to have finally been stopped by the legendary Christian priest Kadamattathu Kathanar. The Yakshi theme is the subject of popular Keralite tales, like the legend of the Yakshi of Trivandrum, as well as of certain movies in modern Malayalam cinema. Mangalathu SreedeviAnother lesser known Yakshi is Mangalathu Sreedevi also known as Kanjirottu Yakshi. She was born into a Padamangalam Nair tharavad by name Mangalathu at Kanjiracode in South Travancore. She was a ravishingly beautiful courtesan who had an intimate relationship with Raman Thampi, son of King Rama Varma and rival of Anizhom Thirunal Marthanda Varma.[8] Mangalathu Sreedevi was infatuated with one of her servants, Raman. Raman, a Pondan Nair (palanquin-bearer), was a fair, tall, well-built and handsome young man. She and her brother Govindan used to ride on Raman's back to nearby places. A predatory sadist, Sreedevi enjoyed torturing Raman physically and mentally. She did everything possible to separate him from his wife. In course of time, the unmarried Govindan and Raman became bosom friends. They often shared the same room. Sreedevi was not quite comfortable with the growing fondness of her brother for her lover. But she did not act. Sreedevi hatched a plot and killed Raman's wife. Once Govindan was travelling on Raman's back when the former revealed the details of the plot. Days later, Raman strangled Sreedevi to death when they were sharing a bed. Govindan winked at the crime and protected his beloved friend. Sreedevi was reborn as a vengeful Yakshi to a couple at Kanjiracode. She grew into a bewitching beauty within moments of her birth. Though she seduced many men and drank their blood, her heart was set on the handsome Raman. She told him that she was willing to pardon him if he married her. Raman flatly refused. The Yakshi channelised all her energies in tormenting him. Devastated, Raman sought the assistance of Mangalathu Govindan, who was a great upasaka of Lord Balarama. Govindan was for a compromise. He said that the Yakshi could have Raman for a year provided she conformed to three conditions. One, she must agree to be installed at a temple after one year. Two, after many years the temple will be destroyed and she must then seek refuge in (saranagati) Lord Narasimha for attaining moksham. Three, she must pray for Govindan and his relationship with Raman not only in their current birth but also in their subsequent births. The Yakshi swore upon 'ponnum vilakkum' that she would abide by all the three conditions. Thus the compromise formula worked.[9] A year later, the Yakshi was installed at a Temple which later came to be owned by Kanjiracottu Valiaveedu.[9] The Temple does not exist anymore. Sundara Lakshmi, an accomplished dancer and consort of HH Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, was an ardent devotee of Kanjirottu Yakshi Amma. After taking refuge in Lord Narasimha of Thekkedom, the Yakshi is now believed to be residing in Kallara B of Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple.[10] The enchanting and ferocious forms of this Yakshi are painted on the south-west part of Sri Padmanabha's shrine. See also{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^Huntington, John C. and Susan L., The Huntington Archive - Ohio State University [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904160524/http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=3809], accessed 30 August 2011. 2. ^"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century" by Upinder Singh, Pearson Education India, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364] 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.shivashakti.com/yaksh.htm|title=Yakshinis and Chetakas|last=Magee|first=Mike|date=2006|website=Shiva Shakti Mandalam|publisher=|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ftSBRwgA?url=http://www.shivashakti.com/yaksh.htm|archive-date=9 April 2009|dead-url=no|access-date=March 2, 2016|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization|last=Zimmer|first=Heinrich Robert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1972|isbn=978-81-208-0751-8|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Joseph|location=Delhi|pages=|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer}} 5. ^1 Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann, Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus. Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne. {{ISBN|3-424-00897-4}}, {{ISBN|978-3-424-00897-5}} 6. ^Eckard Schleberger, Die indische Götterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne. {{ISBN|3-424-00898-2}}, {{ISBN|978-3-424-00898-2}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/tamiljain/sasandevs/index.html|title=Jina Sasana Devatas|last=Vasanthan|first=Aruna|date=|website=Tamil Jain|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027084400/http://www.geocities.com/tamiljain/sasandevs/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2009 |access-date=March 2, 2016}} 8. ^Kaimal, Kesava. 'Thekkan Thiruvithamkurile Yakshikal'. Srinidhi Publications, 2002. 9. ^1 Nair, Balasankaran. 'Kanjirottu Yakshi'. Sastha Books, 2001. 10. ^Bayi, Aswathi Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi. 'Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple' (Third Edition). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2013. 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Commonman/English/History/Scripts/anecdote3.aspx|title=Anecdote 3: Of Art, Central Banks, and Philistines|website=Reserve Bank of India|publisher=|access-date=March 2, 2016}} External links{{Commons category|Yaksha}}
6 : Buddhist legendary creatures|Non-human races in Hindu mythology|Indian folklore|Female buddhas and supernatural beings|Female legendary creatures|Mythological hematophages |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。