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词条 December 2015 North American storm complex
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Confirmed tornadoes

      December 26 event   December 27 event  December 28 event 

  3. Preparations and impact

     Tornado outbreak  Texas  Flooding  Southern United States  Winter storm  High Plains  Elsewhere and Canada 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox storm
| name = December 2015 North American storm complex
| image = Southern US storm complex Dec 26 2015 2230 UTC.jpg
| alt =
| caption = GOES-13 satellite image of the storm complex over the Southern United States on December 26
| type = Extratropical cyclone
Winter storm
Ice storm
Blizzard
Tornado outbreak
Flood
| formed = {{start date|2015|12|25}}
| dissipated = {{end date|2015|12|30}}
| lowest pressure = 989
| lowest temperature =
| tornadoes = 32 confirmed
| fujitascale = EF4
| tornado duration = 2 days, 2 hour, 4 minutes
| highest winds = {{convert|180|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
(Garland, Texas EF4 tornado on December 26)
| gusts =
| maximum snow = {{convert|41|in|m|abbr=on}} at Bonito Lake, New Mexico
| power outages = ≥65,000
| total fatalities = 59 fatalities
| damages = At least $1.2 billion
| affected = Southwestern, Central, and New England regions in the United States (particularly Texas); Northern Mexico; Southeastern Canada.
| current advisories =
| enhanced = yes
| notes = Part of the 2015–16 North American winter and tornado outbreaks of 2015
}}

The December 2015 North American storm complex was a major storm complex that produced a tornado outbreak, a winter storm, a blizzard and an ice storm in areas ranging from the Southwestern United States to New England.[1] Tornadoes impacted areas around Dallas, Texas.[2] Several states, especially Missouri, were affected by heavy rain and snow causing severe floods. As the system moved through the Great Lakes region, heavy rain, ice pellets and heavy snow fell in the entire region. Wintry mix moved through southern Ontario and Quebec had significant snowfall on December 29. Almost 60 people were killed in the storm system and its aftermath, which made it one of the deadliest of such systems of 2015 in the United States.[1]

Meteorological history

The outbreak was caused by a vigorous upper-level trough that moved into the Central and Southern Plains states on December 25. An extratropical cyclone developed ahead of this upper-level trough over the West Coast, which moved southeast into the Southwestern United States early on December 26. Continuing to move east, snow began to fall in the Upper Midwest, dropping up to {{convert|5–8|in|cm}}, before rapidly dissipating.[3] As the initial low-pressure area moved over the United States–Mexico border, a southwards dip in the jet stream to the west had formed. In response to this, an upper-level low developed by evening on December 26. This upper-level low began to track to the north, drawing moisture from the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. As it did so, a long cluster of heavy showers and thunderstorms fired up from eastern Oklahoma to southwestern Missouri, which set up a severe flooding event. Some areas picked up to over {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rainfall, triggering several floods.[4]

At the same time, discrete tornadic supercells began to appear in areas of Texas. One of the cells produced a violent EF4 wedge tornado, which ripped through parts of Garland and Rowlett, Texas, causing major damage.[2] As the storm complex began to move to the north, more supercells began to appear with several more tornadoes being reported. By the early morning of December 27, the supercells merged into a squall line, with tornado reports beginning to diminish, but occasionally a few isolated tornadoes would be produced by the storm.

While producing severe weather in the Deep South, the storm complex produced heavy snow and blizzard conditions in the southwestern parts of Texas through December 26–27, as frigid temperatures had spilled south into the area just the previous day before. Strong winds contributed to power outages and blowing and drifting snow. The snowfall continued throughout the majority of December 27, before tapering off near midnight as the storm system began to pull out of the region. In total, the storm complex dumped up to {{convert|2|ft|in}} of snow in the western parts of Texas, a very rare and historic occurrence in the affected areas.[3] The storm had also produced a small but significant ice storm in the central parts of Texas, with ice accumulations ranging up to {{convert|1|in|mm}} in some areas, leading to thousands of power outages.[3]

By December 28, the storm complex had moved into the Central United States, producing more snow, ice, heavy rain, and severe weather in an area stretching from the Midwest into Louisiana. The upper-level low eventually began to take over as the dominant low, and had begun to make a more east-northeastwards turn. Spreading a swath of {{convert|6–12|in|cm}} from Missouri to Maine, the storm complex continued to accelerate into southern Canada while producing more ice, rain and severe weather as the southern quadrant approached the East Coast.[3] Rain eventually reached areas like Philadelphia and New York City late on December 28, and persisted somewhat into the early morning hours of December 29. At this point, the storm system had already entered Canada, and its circulation was beginning to become elongated. The remnants of the storm eventually dissipated, early on December 30.[5]

Confirmed tornadoes

{{Tornado Chart
|Total = 32
|F0 = 10
|F1 = 17
|F2 = 3
|F3 = 1
|F4 = 1
|F5 = 0
|Enhanced=yes
}}

December 26 event

All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.|group=note|name=Date/Time}}
EF#LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamage{{efn|All damage totals are in 2015 USD unless otherwise stated.|group = note|name = DamageSummaryRefs
storm}} | EF0N of HubbardHillTX31.89|-96.81|name=Hubbard (Dec. 26, EF0)}}2003–20072.76|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}50|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}15000|prefix=$}}A local fire department reported a tornado that damaged crops.[7]
storm}} | EF0NNE of EmoryRainsTX32.9|-95.73|name=Emory (Dec. 26, EF0)}}2126–21270.69|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}75|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}0|prefix=$}}Trained storm spotters reported a brief tornado.[9]
storm}} | EF0S of Sulphur SpringsHopkinsTX33.023|-95.63|name=Sulphur Springs (Dec. 26, EF0)}}2333–23340.36|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}25|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}0|prefix=$}}A storm chaser observed a brief tornado.[11]
cat3}} | EF3E of Midlothian to Glenn HeightsEllis, DallasTX32.4623|-96.909|name=Ovilla/Glenn Heights (Dec. 26, EF3)}}0001–00138.52|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}125|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}9730000|prefix=$}}A significant tornado began in Ellis County, damaging 77 single family homes, 23 of which were completely destroyed. Significant damage occurred as multiple subdivisions were impacted in Ovilla and Red Oak. An elementary school sustained outward collapse of multiple exterior walls, and very poor construction was noted at that location. Two churches were destroyed, and vehicles were thrown and mangled as well. After crossing into Dallas County, the tornado struck Glenn Heights and severely damaged 35 homes and an additional 10 mobile homes before dissipating. 46 people were injured.[13][14]
storm}} | EF0NE of EnnisEllisTX32.3855|-96.53|name=Ennis (Dec. 26, EF0)}}0100–01025.08|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}150|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}40000|prefix=$}}A few barns were damaged.[17]
cat1}} | EF1W of FarmersvilleCollinTX33.1587|-96.3956|name=Farmersville (Dec. 26, EF1)}}0117–01234.47|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}300|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}1500000|prefix=$}}Several homes, including six mobile homes, were damaged or destroyed.[19]
All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.|group=note|name=Date/Time}}
EF#LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamage
{{efn|All damage totals are in 2015 USD unless otherwise stated.|group = note|name = Damage		SummaryRefs
cat1}} | EF1NW of GilmerUpshurTX32.732|-94.9854|name=Gilmer (Dec. 27, EF1)}}2124–21277.98|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}1338|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}45000|prefix=$}}A few outbuildings lost metal roofing panels, and several trees were downed, with a couple causing damage to two houses.[22]
cat1}} | EF1E of PatmosHempsteadAR33.5127|-93.5267|name=Patmos (Dec. 27, EF1)}}2136–21370.84|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}350|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}15000|prefix=$}}Pine trees were downed and a mobile home was damaged.[25]
cat1}} | EF1E of WillisvilleNevadaAR33.4751|-93.2818|name=Willisville (Dec. 27, EF1)}}2236–22443.85|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}353|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}100000|prefix=$}}Several outbuildings were destroyed and a house sustained roof damage. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted along the path.[27]
cat1}} | EF1Hermitage to E of BanksBradleyAR33.4495|-92.1725|name=Hermitage (Dec. 27, EF1)}}2306–23187.11|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}200|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}75000|prefix=$}}An awning was damaged at Hermintage School, part of the roof was ripped off a chicken house, a shed was destroyed, and a home sustained minor damage. Many trees were downed.[29]
cat1}} | EF1W of WilmarDrewAR33.5843|-91.9564|name=Wilmar (Dec. 27, EF1)}}0006–00175.74|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}150|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}60000|prefix=$}}The roof was ripped off of a house and thrown onto a shed, and several pine trees were downed.[31]
cat1}} | EF1NNE of BlanchardCaddoLA32.6071|-93.8777|name=Blanchard (Dec. 27, EF1)}}0216–02202.27|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}144|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}250000|prefix=$}}Tornado moved through two mobile home parks, damaging numerous mobile homes. One of the mobile homes was blown off its foundation, while another was crushed by a tree. One outbuilding was destroyed and two others were damaged. Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted along the path.[33]
All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.|group=note|name=Date/Time}}
EF#LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamage{{efn|All damage totals are in 2015 USD unless otherwise stated.|group = note|name = DamageSummaryRefs
cat1}} | EF1W of LaplaceSt. John the BaptistLA30.0775|-90.5378|name=Laplace (Dec. 28, EF1)}}0920–09250.6|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}150|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}0|Unknown}}Roof and fence damage occurred, and several power poles were snapped.[36]
cat1}} | EF1NW of SeminaryCovingtonMS31.5405|-89.5301|name=Seminary (Dec. 28, EF1)}}1143–11515.59|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}100|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}100000|prefix=$}}One barn was destroyed, several homes sustained minor damage, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.[38]
storm}} | EF0NNE of TrinityUnionNC34.877|-80.526|name=Trinity (Dec. 28, EF0)}}2158–22010.9|mi|km|abbr=on|sortable=on}}75|yd|m|abbr=on|sortable=on}}50000|prefix=$}}Five sheds and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed, the wall of one home sitting on concrete blocks was slightly shifted, a camper was rolled onto its side, and trees were downed.[40]

Preparations and impact

{{Expand section|More weather details in other areas|date=December 2018}}

Tornado outbreak

Texas

On December 26, 2015, the tornado outbreak portion of the storm system, with 32 tornadoes total confirmed, began when 12 tornadoes impacted Texas that evening, mostly in and around the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, killing 13 people,[41][42][43] which made it the deadliest tornado disaster in the area since the Dallas tornado of 1957, and added to the highest tornado death count in the U.S. for the month of December since 1953.[44][45] An EF3 tornado moved through multiple subdivisions in Ovilla and Glenn Heights, Texas on the south side of the metroplex, destroying numerous homes and two churches. Ten people in Garland, Texas died as a result of a large and powerful EF4 wedge tornado that also destroyed many homes in the neighboring suburb of Rowlett. An EF2 tornado killed two people in Copeville, while an EF1 caused another fatality near Blue Ridge. Additional tornadoes touched down across the Southern United States on December 27 and 28. Most of these tornadoes were weak, though EF2 tornadoes caused considerable damage near Marianna, Arkansas and Marshall, Texas.[46] More than 65,000 people lost power in the area due to the tornadoes.[47][48]

Damage from tornadoes in Texas alone is estimated at $1.2 billion.[43]

Flooding

Southern United States

The storm system was responsible for heavy rain that caused severe flooding in 13 states, with Missouri being especially impacted.[49][50] Parts of the state were hit with over {{convert|10|in|m|abbr=on}} of heavy rainfall.[41] At least 14 people died due to the floods in Missouri alone.[51] In Union, Missouri, the Bourbeuse River rose to {{convert|34.22|ft|m|abbr=on}}, above the preceding record of {{convert|33.79|ft|m|abbr=on}} which occurred on December 5, 1982.[50][52][53][54] More than 180 roads, including portions of Interstates 44, 55, and 70, and several bridges were closed.[63][55] The Meramec River, near St. Louis, crested {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} above its previous record height, inundating nearby communities. At least 380 homes and 70 businesses were flooded in Franklin County.[56]

Approximately 140,000 sandbags were brought in to protect portions of the Bayshore subdivision in Arnold. At least 150 homes succumbed to flooding in the city.[56] More than 100 boat rescues were conducted in Eureka.[67]

Major flooding also occurred in south Alabama, where the Pea River in Elba, Alabama flooded. Most of the rainfall occurred on Christmas Eve day when training thunderstorms went over the same areas. All in all, a widespread 8-16 inches occurred.

Nine levees were topped—five along the Mississippi River, three along the Missouri River, and one along the Kaskaskia River—though the affected areas were predominantly unpopulated.[57][58] Large stretches of the Mississippi River were placed on alert due to projected major flooding.[59]

Flash flooding also claimed seven lives in Illinois, two in Oklahoma, one in Arkansas, and one in Georgia.[1][42][60][61]

Winter storm

High Plains

The combination of heavy snow, strong winds, and bitterly cold temperatures resulted in blizzard conditions across most of New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and West Texas. Some places in this area had over {{convert|1-3|ft|cm|abbr=on}} of snow but also snow drifts up to 12 feet (370 cm) high.[62] In the path of this Texas low, a swath of snow and ice impacted the central Plains and Midwest from Oklahoma to Wisconsin as the storm system moved northeastward toward the eastern Great Lakes. The storm system spread a wintry mix of snow, sleet and freezing rain to New York State and New England, disrupting travel in the region. At least 1 person in New Mexico, and 4 people in Oklahoma died as a direct result of the winter storm system.[1][42][63][64][65]

Elsewhere and Canada

More than 750 flights were cancelled at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, and hundreds more at Detroit, Toronto and Montreal. Due to a strong Arctic air mass north of the system, parts of northern Michigan, Ontario and all Quebec suffered blizzard conditions, with moderate snow bands and moderate winds as well. 20–30 cm of snow (8–12 in) fell in Ottawa–Gatineau, less than 10 cm (4 in) in Toronto, and the greater Montreal region had 30–40 cm of snow (12–16 in).[1][3][41][42][66][67][68][69]

Four people died in Minnesota in a car accident linked to snow-covered roads.[70] Two people died from overexertion while clearing snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[71] Other similar indirect deaths from the winter storm were reported in New Mexico (1 death), Missouri (2), Michigan (1), New York (1), Vermont (3), New Hampshire (1), and Maine (1).[1][63][72][73][74]

The dairy industry in eastern New Mexico and western Texas lost 30,000 cows to the storm.[75]

{{Clear}}

See also

  • Late December 2012 North American storm complex
  • December 2013 North American storm complex
  • November 2015 United States ice storm
  • Mid-January 2017 North American ice storm
  • Tornado outbreak and floods of April 28 – May 1, 2017

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/news/news/goliath-deadliest-storm-of-2015|title=Goliath: The Deadliest U.S Storm System of 2015|date=December 30, 2015|work=The Weather Channel}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tornadoes-sweep-through-dallas-area-significant-damage/ar-BBnRlgz?ocid=spartanntp |title=Tornadoes sweep through Dallas area; significant damage |publisher=Msn.com |date= |accessdate=2015-12-27}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/forecast/national/news/winter-storm-goliath-forecast-snow-blizzard|title=Winter Storm Goliath: Historic Southern Plains Blizzard Within Huge Swath of Snow, Ice (RECAP)|date=December 23, 2015|work=The Weather Channel}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/tornado/news/storms-tornadoes-christmas-week-december-21-28-2015|title=Tornadoes and Flooding Rain Hit the South, Midwest Christmas Week 2015|date=December 28, 2015|accessdate=April 17, 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive_maps.php?arcdate=12/30/2015&selmap=2015123000&maptype=satsfcnps|title=WPC Surface Analysis|date=December 30, 2015|accessdate=April 17, 2016}}
6. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma|title=Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=610496|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606454|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
8. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606455|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
9. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606456|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
10. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606457|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
11. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606458|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
12. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606459|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
13. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606461|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
14. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606463|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
15. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF4 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606471|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
16. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606472|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
17. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=608855|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
18. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606480|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
19. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606483|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
20. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas|title=Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606484|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}
21. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606919|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
22. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606911|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
23. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607482|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
24. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607483|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
25. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606924|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
26. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607479|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
27. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606925|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
28. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=606928|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
29. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=608036|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
30. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607715|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
31. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Little Rock, Arkansas|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=608037|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
32. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607039|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
33. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607040|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
34. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Shreveport, Louisiana|title=Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607704|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
35. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in New Orleans, Louisiana|title=Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607505|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
36. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in New Orleans, Louisiana|title=Louisiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607506|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
37. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Memphis, Tennessee|title=Arkansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=613277|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
38. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Jackson, Mississippi|title=Mississippi Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=607307|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
39. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mobile, Alabama|title=Florida Event Report: EF1 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=612738|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
40. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Greenville-Spartanburg, South Carolina|title=North Carolina Event Report: EF0 Tornado|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=612739|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=May 12, 2016}}
41. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/reports-severe-weather-tornadoes-dallas-texas-blizzard-flooding/54450368|title=REPORTS: Severe storms slam Texas as flooding and blizzard conditions struck the Plains|work=AccuWeather}}
42. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/crippling-blizzard-follows-deadly-tornadoes-in-texas/|title=Crippling blizzard follows deadly tornadoes in Texas|date=December 27, 2015|website=Cbsnews.com}}
43. ^1 {{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=KSAT|date=January 9, 2016|accessdate=January 9, 2016|title=Man injured by Garland tornado dies; death toll to 12|url=http://www.ksat.com/news/man-injured-by-garland-tornado-dies-death-toll-to-12_}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/news/weather/news/texas-tornadoes-midwest-flooding-impacts|title=Weather|date=December 28, 2015|work=The Weather Channel}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/news/weather/video/tornadoesdeadliest-december-in-62-years|title=Tornadoes: Deadliest December in 62 Years|date=December 29, 2015|work=The Weather Channel}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/12/26/four-people-reportedly-killed-after-tornadoes-touch-down-near-dallas-as-storms-pummel-southeast.html?intcmp=hpbt1 |title=Five killed after tornadoes touch down near Dallas, as storms pummel Southeast |publisher=Fox News |date=2006-10-01 |accessdate=2015-12-27}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/live-blizzard-ice-severe-storm/54428497 |title=LIVE: Severe storms strike Texas, blizzard unfolds over New Mexico |publisher=Accuweather.com |date= |accessdate=2015-12-27}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/ |title=NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit |website=Apps.dat.noaa.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-01-02}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kmov.com/story/30846374/major-flooding-in-union-mo-businesses-underwater|title=Major flooding in Union, Mo; businesses underwater|author=Eric Sykes|date=29 December 2015|publisher=|accessdate=31 December 2015}}
50. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/27/us/missouri-flooding-six-dead/index.html|title=Missouri Flooding Six Dead|date=27 December 2015|work=CNN}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/flood-related-deaths-14-missouri/story?id=36013726|title=See Dramatic Rescue of Man, Dog From Roof of Missouri Home in Historic Flood|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kmov.com/story/30846374/major-flooding-in-union-mo-businesses-underwater|title=Major flooding in Union, Mo; businesses underwater|author=Eric Sykes|date=29 December 2015|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2015}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/safety/floods/news/flooding-news-impacts-plains-midwest|title=Flood Safety and Preparedness|date=29 December 2015|work=The Weather Channel|accessdate=30 December 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.missourinet.com/2015/12/28/rain-sleet-snow-flooding-continuing-in-missouri-monday-morning/|title=Rain, sleet, snow, flooding continuing in Missouri Monday morning|work=Missourinet}}
55. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=WDAF|date=December 28, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title=Flooding closes more than 180 roads in Missouri|url=http://fox4kc.com/2015/12/28/flooding-closes-more-than-180-roads-in-missouri/}}
56. ^1 2 {{cite news|author1=Tim O'Neil |author2=Walker Moskop |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=January 1, 2016|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title=Meramec River's record flood wipes out commute for thousands|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/meramec-river-s-record-flood-wipes-out-commute-for-thousands/article_29e8cb41-b1b3-5d1d-9e22-5b6506e655a5.html}}
57. ^1 {{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|date=January 1, 2016|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title= Roadways begin to reopen in flood-ravaged St. Louis area |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/01/01/towns-south-st-louis-prepare-for-mississippi-river-floods.html}}
58. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|date=January 1, 2016|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title=Towns south of St. Louis brace for Mississippi River floods|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/midwest-flooding-towns-south-of-st-louis-brace-for-mississippi-river-deluge/}}
59. ^{{cite news|author1=Ted Gregory |author2=Robert McCoppin |newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=December 31, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title=Mississippi River towns on high alert even as flooding forecast improves|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-illinois-mississippi-river-flooding-met-20151230-story.html}}
60. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kake.com/home/headlines/Dallas-under-tornado-warning-363564121.html|title=UPDATE: 5 people die in flash flood in Illinois|agency=Associated Press|publisher=}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs46.com/story/30840463/one-death-in-north-georgia-linked-to-southeast-storms|title=2 deaths in Georgia linked to storms – CBS46 News|author1=Jonathan Andrews |author2=Rodney Harris |author3=Meghan Packer |author4=Melinda Roeder |date=December 28, 2015|publisher=}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-mexico-couple-buried-car-20-hours-during-monster-snowdrift-n487421|title=New Mexico Couple Buried in Car for 20 Hours During Monster Snowdrift|author=Sean Federico-O'Murchu|work=NBC News}}
63. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/mexico-works-unbury-record-snow-storm-35996761|title=New Mexico Works to Unbury After Record Snow Storm|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/weather-related-deaths-oklahoma-officials/story?id=35984134|title=At Least 3 Weather-Related Deaths in Oklahoma|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/craig-strickland-country-singers-body-found/story?id=36084082|title=Craig Strickland: Country Singer's Body Found|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gccapitalideas.com/2015/12/29/winter-storm-%E2%80%93-december-26-%E2%80%93-29-2015/|title=Winter Storm – December 26 – 29, 2015|website=GCCapitalIdeas.com|accessdate=2015-12-30}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/midwest-flooding-death-toll-rises-as-dangers-remain/|title=Midwest flooding death toll rises as dangers remain|date=December 30, 2015|website=Cbsnews.com|accessdate=2015-12-30}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/latest-weather-forces-40-closure-mexico-texas-35970654|title=Latest: More Than 2,800 Flights Canceled Amid Winter Storm|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
69. ^Météo Média (40 cm in Montreal)(fr)
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inforum.com/news/3912402-minnesota-family-four-killed-christmas-weekend-crash|title=Minnesota family of four killed in Christmas weekend crash|author=Forum News Service|work=INFORUM}}
71. ^{{cite web|author1=Katie Delong |author2=Bret Lemoine |publisher=WITI|date=December 29, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|title=Two men pronounced dead in Milwaukee after collapsing while cleaning up snow|url=http://fox6now.com/2015/12/29/medical-examiner-73-year-old-man-dies-after-collapsing-while-snow-blowing/}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/bay-city/index.ssf/2015/12/3-vehicle_crash_in_monitor_tow.html#incart_river_home|title=3-vehicle crash claims life of Arenac County man, 50|work=MLive.com}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/truck-suv-collide-slushy-vermont-mountain-road-dead-36010676|title=Truck, SUV Collide on Slushy Vermont Mountain Road; 3 Dead|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dead-hampshire-crash-secret-service-agents-36005200|title=1 Dead in New Hampshire Crash With Secret Service Agents|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
75. ^{{cite news|last1=Hinckley|first1=Story|title=How a freak blizzard wrecked Texas's dairy industry|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2016/0103/How-a-freak-blizzard-wrecked-Texas-s-dairy-industry|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=2016-01-03}}

References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

External links

  • North and Central Texas December 26, 2015 Tornado Outbreak (NWS Fort Worth)
{{2015 tornado outbreaks}}{{United States winter storms}}{{DEFAULTSORT:2015-12-28}}

20 : F4 tornadoes by date|2015 in Texas|2015 in Missouri|2015 in Oklahoma|Tornadoes of 2015|2015 natural disasters in the United States|Blizzards in the United States|Floods in the United States|Tornadoes in Texas|2015 floods|Natural disasters in Missouri|Mississippi River floods|2015 in Arkansas|2015 in Louisiana|2015 in Florida|2015 in Mississippi|2015 in North Carolina|Natural disasters in New Mexico|Natural disasters in Texas|December 2015 events in the United States
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