“December 2016 Jakarta protests”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

December 2016 Jakarta protests, also known as 212 Action, the Action for Defending Islam III and the December 2 Peace Protest, was a mass protest led by Islamist groups which took place on 2 December 2016, in Jakarta, Indonesia. During the protest, at least four or five millions of marchers demanded for the termination of the gubernatorial office held by Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok), who had been accused as a suspect in the blasphemy case.^[1] The protest is the second prosecution of Ahok in 2016 succeeding the previous rally which took place on 4 November, and it was succeeded by the February 2017 Jakarta protests.

Background

The incumbent governor of Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, who was contesting for the forthcoming 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, was accused of blasphemy against Islam following his speech on 27 September 2016. National outcry against his perceived misdemeanor had triggered a small scale protest on 14 October and a nationwide protest in November 2016, the later reported widely among the international media as well, with many consider it a crisis of democracy and the conservatism among the Islam in Indonesia.^[2] Facing the counter-protest by the pro-Ahok groups on 30 November the oppositions and Islamist groups have jointly planned for even wider scale and more inclusive protest.

Protest

Initially, the protest was planned to be held on 25 November 2016 but then it was agreed to be held on 2 December.^[3] The National Movement of Fatwa Guards - Majelis Ulama Indonesia (GNPF-MUI), the main organizer of the 4 November protest, said it would hold a similar action again on 2 December 2016. The leader of Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), Muhammad Rizieq Shihab said that this action would take place with the extra commitment for nonviolence as it will be held in the form of joint worship.^[4] This statement received mixed responses. The chairman of the House of Representatives, Ade Komaruddin chose not to respond to the statement and requested reporters to ask directly to the organizers.^[5] The police chief Tito Karnavian threatened not to issue permission for the action upon fear of going violent.^[6] After an agreement between the organizers and the police, the action was agreed to take place with activities in the form of praying and the joint performance of Friday prayers.

The protest was held at the Merdeka Square surrounding the National Monument in Central Jakarta. The number of attendees ranged from 200,000 (police claims^[7]^[8]^[9]) to millions (organizers' claims^[10]^[11]). From video evidence scattered across various social media and video sharing websites via drone camera, it can be seen that the mass extends to the main road of Hotel Indonesia Roundabout. During the protest, a number of activities were carried out, including praying and joint Friday prayers. The president of Indonesia Joko Widodo attended the event and was warmly welcomed by the participants.^[12]^[13] Among the celebrities who joined the protest, there were Ardian Syaf, the prominent Indonesian comic artist, and Wijayanto, the pop Islamic preacher.^[14]^[15] Other prominent figures who joined the protest includes Hidayat Nur Wahid, deputy chairman of the House of Representatives.^[16]

Aftermath

Basuki later lost the elections to Anies Baswedan and was found guilty, being sentenced to 2 years on 9 May 2017.^[17] On the protests' anniversary, a “reunion” was held in the same location, with the attendance of 7.5 million.

The Shariah minimarket co-operative 212 Mart, setup in May 2017 was named in honour of the protests, and by August 2018 had 192 stores.^[18]

See also

Reference

1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/indeksfokus/2204/aksi-damai-2-desember/berita|title=Fokus Berita - Aksi Damai 2 Desember|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=12 December 2016|via=}}
2. ^Thousands of Hard-Line Muslims Rally Against Jakarta's Governor for Alleged Blasphemy. TIME. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
3. ^{{Cite web |title=Demo 25 November Batal, Diganti 2 Desember |author= |work=KiniNEWS |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-12-02}} |url=http://nasional.kini.co.id/2016/11/18/18504/demo-25-november-batal-diganti-2-desember |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/16/11/18/ogtojh382-habib-rizieq-jamin-aksi-bela-islam-iii-berjalan-super-damai|title=Habib Rizieq Jamin Aksi Bela Islam III Berjalan Super Damai {{!}} Republika Online|newspaper=Republika Online|access-date=2016-11-22}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/16/11/21/ogyage330-ketua-dpr-enggan-tanggapi-rencana-aksi-bela-islam-jilid-iii|title=Ketua DPR Enggan Tanggapi Rencana Aksi Bela Islam Jilid III {{!}} Republika Online|newspaper=Republika Online|access-date=2016-11-22}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/850311-kata-kapolri-soal-aksi-bela-islam-iii|title=Kata Kapolri Soal Aksi Bela Islam III|last=VIVA.co.id|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|access-date=2016-11-22}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38178764|title=Mass prayer rally in Jakarta against governor 'Ahok'|date=2016-12-02|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-12-03}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-muslims-push-to-jail-christian-politician-accused-of-blasphemy-1480664455|title=Indonesia Muslims Push to Jail Christian Politician Accused of Blasphemy|last=Schonhardt|first=Sara|date=2016-12-03|last2=Sentana|first2=I. Made|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-12-03}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/ap-thousands-join-blasphemy-protest-in-indonesian-capital/3620140.html|title=Evicted Jakarta Residents Join Hardline Rally Against Governor|last=Varagur|first=Krithika|newspaper=VOA|access-date=2016-12-03}}
10. ^{{Cite web |title=GNPF MUI: Peserta Demo 2 Desember Capai 3 Juta Orang |last=Rozie |first=Fachrur |work=liputan6.com |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-12-02}} |url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/2664951/gnpf-mui-peserta-demo-2-desember-capai-3-juta-orang |language= |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}
11. ^{{Cite web |title=Sudah Dua Juta Massa Aksi dari Daerah Berkumpul di Jakarta |author=Muhyiddin |last2=Aminah |first2=Andi Nur |work=Republika Online |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-12-02}} |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/16/12/02/ohiiuf384-sudah-dua-juta-massa-aksi-dari-daerah-berkumpul-di-jakarta |language= |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}
12. ^{{Cite web |title=Teriakan Takbir Sambut Presiden Jokowi di Monas |author= |work=news.okezone.com |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-12-02}} |url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2016/12/02/337/1557039/teriakan-takbir-sambut-presiden-jokowi-di-monas |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}
13. ^{{Cite web |title=Jalan Kaki ke Monas, Jokowi Salat Jumat Bersama Massa Aksi Damai 212 |author= |work=news.okezone.com |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-12-02}} |url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2016/12/02/337/1557026/jalan-kaki-ke-monas-jokowi-salat-jumat-bersama-massa-aksi-damai-212 |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}
14. ^Conservative Islam Has Scored a Disquieting Victory in Indonesia's Normally Secular Politics. TIME. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
15. ^[https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2016/12/02/33/1557439/ustadz-wijayanto-apresiasi-peserta-aksi-damai-212 Ustadz Wijayanto Apresiasi Peserta Aksi Damai 212.]OKEZONE. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
16. ^Burhani, N (2018). Plural Islam and Contestation of Religious Authority in Indonesia. Islam in SEA, vol.7. p.147.
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Lamb|first1=Kate|title=Jakarta governor Ahok sentenced to two years in prison for blasphemy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/09/jakarta-governor-ahok-found-guilty-of-blasphemy-jailed-for-two-years|accessdate=2 December 2017|work=The Guardian|date=9 May 2017}}
18. ^http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/29/212-mart-gains-traction-with-192-branches-in-pastyear.html