1. Background

2. Organizations
     The United States Fish and Wildlife Service  

3. Methods
     Lethal management    Hunting    Nonlethal management    Chemical repellents    Fencing    Wildlife birth control  

4. References

Deer management is the practice and philosophy of wildlife management employed to regulate the population of deer in an area. The purpose of deer management is to regulate the population's size, reduce negative effects of population on the ecosystem, and maintain the integrity of other populations.

Background

As a deer population grows it will begin to reach the carrying capacity of an ecosystem, causing issues for other plants and wildlife. Plant life can begin to disappear locally because of browsing.^[1] These local disappearances directly effect the population of that plant species and indirectly effect other wildlife populations that also depend on the plant species for food.^[1][3] This ultimately lowers the biodiversity and changes the composition of the habitat, region, or area until the population of deer is lowered and the location is given time to recover.^[1][3]

Deer populations may not always reach the carrying capacity, this can lead to an increase in human and deer interactions.^[1] These interactions can result in car accidents, crop damage, property damage and much more.^[1] These species interaction occur both in rural and urban areas where population of deer come into contact.

Each area comes with its own set of challenges as to which management practice is the most appropriate and effective. These challenges have led to the development of alternative methods of deer management. In suburban area, sharpshooting is used.^[1] Other locations may use methods like hunting, birth control, or repellents to manage the deer population.

Organizations

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is a bureau under the Department of the Interior that runs national programs for the public to learn about natural resources like fish and wildlife. The USFWS advise the conservation, management and advancement of the wildlife and fish in the United States as well as assists in international conservation efforts.^[2] The United States Fish and Wildlife Service deals with the enforcement of federal wildlife laws,^[3] protects endangered species and conservation and restoration wildlife habitat such as wetlands.^{[2] [4]}

Methods

There are various methods that can be employed to have deer management and they can be broken down into two main types: lethal and nonlethal. These methods are used to regulate the population of deer in a specific area. If a deer population remains high for long periods, an ecosystem can suffer long term damage, forestry practices become more restricted and overall biodiversity can decline.^[5]

Lethal management

Hunting

Nonlethal management

Chemical repellents

If an area is being heavily affected by deer, repellents can be used to keep them away or minimize the damage. Deer repellent can produce a bad smell, burn the tongue, and taste bad.^[7] The repellents can be natural or artificial but both use chemicals to deter the deer from causing damage. Repellents benefit gardens and orchids the most.^[8]

Fencing

Fencing forms a physical barrier, preventing the deer from entering an area. Deer fences can range from 3 ft. to 10 ft. tall.^[8] There numerous types of fences used to prevent deer from causing damage, some types are electrical or high tensile^[9]. The amount of time and type of management will typically determine the type of fence that is required for optimal deer damage prevention.^[8]

Wildlife birth control

Another way to control the population of deer is to regulate the birth rate. Decreasing the birth will limit the growth rate of the herd. Birth control vaccines have been invented that will prevent doe from having fawns for up to 3 years.^[20] These vaccines can be administered by dart or by a shot. This type of management would be an alternative to hunting and most effective in urban areas where hunting may pose an issue.^[10]

References

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