| 词条 | Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties |
| 释义 |
| name = Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties | native_name = | native_name_lang = | named_after = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date and age|1954|10}} | founder = | founding_location = Petersburg, Virginia | extinction = {{end date and age|1967|07|17}} | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = | headquarters = Richmond, Virginia | location = | coords = | region = | services = advocacy for strict segregation | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = 12,000 | membership_year = 1955 | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Richard Crawford | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }} The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties was a political group dedicated to strict segregation in Virginia schools. In June 1955 it published its Plan for Virginia.[1] The words of Richard Crawford, president of the Defenders, are recognizable today as dog-whistle politics.[2] The Defenders advocated an amendment to the state constitution to allow the creation of state tuition vouchers and to withdraw state funding for integrated schools. A ballot measure on January 9, 1956, passed by a vote of 304,154 to 146,164.[4][4] The organization was disbanded July 17, 1967.[5] References1. ^{{cite web|title=A Plan for Virginia Presented to the People of the Commonwealth by the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties|url=http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/npsdp/id/1149|publisher=Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties|accessdate=30 August 2017|date=June 8, 1955}} 2. ^{{cite book|author1=Ann E. Burnette|editor1-last=Clarke Rountree|editor1-first=Clarke|title=Brown V. Board of Education at Fifty: A Rhetorical Perspective|date=2004|publisher=Lexington|isbn=0-7391-0854-9|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7U04-vTAW8C&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Defenders+of+State+Sovereignty+and+Individual+Liberties&source=bl&ots=JEVKXfdHAL&sig=EDMx6fPbeL5_sLiXEPt5uwsOpOA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi18efik__VAhUM9IMKHQrpBVkQ6AEIWDAI#v=onepage&q=Defenders%20of%20State%20Sovereignty%20and%20Individual%20Liberties&f=false|accessdate=30 August 2017|quote="My organization is no more ready to accept a little bit of integration than we were four years ago, because as soon as we accept a little bit of integration, we come off the high plane of state's rights and recognize the authority of the Supreme Court."}} 3. ^{{citation |author=Herbert, Bob |date=October 6, 2005 |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6DF1E30F935A35753C1A9639C8B63 |title=Impossible, Ridiculous, Repugnant |work=The New York Times |quote ="Lee Atwater:You start out in 1954 by saying, 'Nigger, nigger, nigger.' By 1968, you can't say "nigger" — that hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing, states' rights and all that stuff. You're getting so abstract now [that] you're talking about cutting taxes, and all these things you're talking about are totally economic things and a byproduct of them is [that] blacks get hurt worse than whites. And subconsciously maybe that is part of it. I'm not saying that. But I'm saying that if it is getting that abstract, and that coded, that we are doing away with the racial problem one way or the other. You follow me — because obviously sitting around saying, 'We want to cut this,' is much more abstract than even the busing thing, and a hell of a lot more abstract than "Nigger, nigger."}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holton|first1=Linwood|title=A FORMER GOVERNOR'S REFLECTIONS ON MASSIVE RESISTANCE IN VIRGINIA|journal=Washington and Lee Law Review|date=Jan 1, 1992|volume=59|issue=1|page=18|url=http://mlkcommission.dls.virginia.gov/va_school_closings/pdfs/Linwood_Holton_and_Massive_Resistance.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2017}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Neff|first1=David|title=The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Defenders_of_State_Sovereignty_and_Individual_Liberties|publisher=Encyclopedia of Virginia|accessdate=30 August 2017|date=Aug 23, 2013}} 6 : Conservative political advocacy groups in the United States|History of Virginia|School segregation in the United States|African-American history of Virginia|Racism in the United States|Far-right politics in the United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。