| 词条 | Degaldoruwa Raja Maha Vihara |
| 释义 |
| building_name = Degaldoruwa Raja Maha Vihara | native_name = දෙගල්දෝරුව රජමහා විහාරය | infobox_width = | image = Degaldoruwa cave temple.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map_type = | map_size = | location = Kandy, Sri Lanka | coordinates = {{coord|07|18|16|N|80|39|50|E|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation = Buddhism | rite = | region = | state = | province =Central Province | territory = | prefecture = | sector = | district =Kandy | cercle = | municipality = | consecration_year = | status = | functional_status = | heritage_designation = Archaeological protected monument[1] (22 May 1964) | leadership = | website = | architecture = | architect = | architecture_type = Buddhist Temple | architecture_style = | founded_by = King Rajadhi Rajasinha | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | groundbreaking = | year_completed = 1771 AD | construction_cost = | specifications = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | materials = | nrhp = | added = | refnum = | designated = | designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_date = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = }} Degaldoruwa Raja Maha Vihara ({{lang-si|දෙගල්දෝරුව රජමහා විහාරය}}) is an ancient Buddhist rock temple, situated in Amunugama, Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is famous for its Kandyan Era Frescoes.[2][3] The cave itself was said to have been excavated out of a rock which rises to a height of approximately {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}},[4] and shelters the shrine room and entrance chamber. Details relating to the construction of the temple and the royal land grant are contained on the Degaldoruwa Tamba Sannasa (Copper Plate).[5][4] Construction of the temple was commenced in 1771 during the reign of King Kirti Sri Rajasinha [1747-1782 AD][5] by his younger brother, Rajadhi Rajasinha and completed by Rajadhi Rajasinha after he ascended to the throne.[6] Following the temples completion Rajadhi Rajasinghe placed the Temple in the custody of a learned monk, Moratota Dhammakkanda Maha Nayaka Thera [1734-1811], who was also Rajadhi Rajasingha's teacher and chief advisor. HistoryLocal folklore details that the origins of the temple relate to a time when a farmer investigated a gap between two large boulders near his village and discovered a pile of golden sickles. The farmer then too one of the sickles and used it to harvest his crops, replacing it in the evening when he returned home. He continued to do this every morning, each time returning the sickle at the end of the day. On the final day of harvesting the farmer took two sickles however in the evening he only replaced one of the sickles back on the pile. The treasure's guardian upon discovering that one of the sickles was missing confronted the farmer and demanded he return it immediately. The terrified farmer ran back to his fields and recovered the sickle placing it back into the gap between the boulders. The guardian then sealed the opening by fusing the two boulders together. The other members of the village became aware of this event and informed the King Kirti Sri Rajasinha, who instructed them to clear the cave and erect a temple there.[9] StructuresThe temple is hollowed out of a large {{convert|12.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} rock outcrop and consists of an elegant rock shelter with two roofed ante chambers in front, the first one a drumming hall and the second an image house, both of which are constructed outside the rock outcrop and topped by wooden roofs, whilst the third chamber, the main shrine room, is cut into the rock itself.
The drumming hall (or digge) is unusual in that it is directly attached to the rest of the temple, rather than occupying a separate pavilion as is typically found in most similar temples.
The image house (or Budu-ge) is located through a set of old wooden doors, situated under a carved wooden Makara Torana (or Dragon Arch) lead into the antechamber, which preserves a moonstone and a sequence of paintings showing scenes from four Jātaka tales (stories that tell about the previous 550 lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form), Vessantara Jātaka,[7] Sattubhatta Jātaka, Sutasoma Jātaka and Mahaseelava Jātaka[8] painted in five vivid panels.[12]
The doors leading from here into the main shrine have metal fittings which were formerly studded with jewels. The principal image is a large reclining Buddha; the wall opposite the reclining Buddha is painted with scenes from the previous birth of Buddha together with pictures of stupas at Sri Lanka's principal pilgrimage sites.
Four ‘Sittara’ artists are credited with painting the Degaldoruwa murals, Nilagama Patabanda (the chief layman of Balavatvala), Devaragampola Silvatänna[6] (an unordained monk, who also painted murals at Ridi Viharaya), Kosvatte Hiriyale Naide and Devendra Mulachari.[9][10] The finest painting is on the ceiling, ‘Mara Yudde’, an artistic depiction of Buddha's internal spiritual battle against Māra, the demon of death, rebirth and desire. The murals are unique in that all the various elements – the people, the trees and the animals are a uniform size and it is only the front view of individual people that is shown, not the rear view. The trees are painted in a stylised form, with their branches and leaves spreading out to each side. The individual elements are portrayed in great detail, such as the adornments on the elephants and the uniforms of the attendants. All of the colours used by the artists in the murals were sourced from the bark of nearby trees.[11] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/protected%20monument%20list%202012-12-12.pdf|date=12 December 2012|title=Protected Monument List 2012-12-12|publisher=Department of Archaeology|accessdate=2 November 2016}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=A History of Sri Lanka|author=De Silva, K. M.|publisher=University of California Press|date=1981|pages=208-209|isbn=9780520043206}} 3. ^{{cite journal|title=The Buddhist|volume=59|author=Koḷamba Taruṇa Bauddha Saṅgamaya|publisher=Colombo Young Men's Buddhist Association|date=1988|page=11}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.srilankaview.com/degaldoruwa.htm|title=Degaldoruwa - The Cave Temple in Kandy with famous Wall Paintings|publisher=SriLankaView|accessdate=23 November 2016}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|first=Charles A.|last=Gunawardena|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|date=2005|page=303|isbn=9781932705485}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrines|author1=Seneviratna, Anuradha |author2=Polk, Benjamin|publisher=Abhinav Publications|date=1992|page=126|isbn=9788170172819}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=The Mahāvaṃsa: Or, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon|author=Bode, Mabel Haynes|publisher=Pali Text Society|date=1912|page=206|isbn=}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|title=Degaldoruwa Raja Maha Vihara – දෙගල්දෝරුව රජමහා විහාරය |url=http://amazinglanka.com/wp/degaldoruva/ |publisher=Amazing Lanka|accessdate=23 November 2016}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Religious World of Kirti Sri: Buddhism, Art, and Politics of Late Medieval Sri Lanka |last=Holt|first=John Clifford|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1996|pages=51-51|isbn=9780195355420}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=125977|title=Some official documents of the Udarata Kingdom|newspaper=The Island|date=5 June 2015|first=Kamalika|last=Pieris|accessdate=18 November 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tourslanka.com/degaldoruwa/|title=Degaldoruwa – The Cave Temple|publisher=ToursLanka vacations Ltd|accessdate=24 November 2016}} Further reading
2 : Buddhist temples in Kandy District|Archaeological protected monuments in Kandy District |
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