| 词条 | Democratic backsliding |
| 释义 |
In political science, democratic backsliding is the gradual decline in the quality of democracy.[1] Democratic backsliding can occur both in democracies and autocracies.[1] Democratic backsliding may occur when essential components of democracy are threatened; this may occur, for example, when:[2][1]
Analysis{{Anchor|History}}Aziz Huq and Tom Ginsburg of the University of Chicago Law School argue that many threats to democracy are stealthy.[2] Pippa Norris of the Harvard Kennedy School and University of Sydney argues, in an article published by the Journal of Democracy in 2017, that two "twin forces" pose the greatest contemporary threat to Western liberal democracy: "sporadic and random terrorist attacks on domestic soil, which damage feelings of security, and the rise of populist-authoritarian forces, which feed parasitically upon these fears."[4] Norris argues that the latter risk is especially pronounced in the United States during the presidency of Donald Trump.[4] The scholarly recognition of the concept of democratic backsliding reflects a reversal from older views, which held "that democracy, once attained in a fairly wealthy state, would become a permanent fixture."[2] This older view came to be realized as erroneous beginning in the mid-2000s, as (in Huq and Ginsburg's words) "an increasing number of seemingly stable, reasonably wealthy democracies have retreated from previously robust democratic regimes toward autocracy" in a variety of regions across the world, including Hungary and Poland in Europe; Turkey in the Middle East; and Bolivia and Venezuela in Latin America.[3] More broadly, Huq and Ginsburg identified in an academic paper "37 instances in 25 different countries in the postwar period in which democratic quality declined significantly (though a fully authoritarian regime didn't emerge)".[3] Huq and Ginsburg note that coups have decreased at the same time that democratic backsliding has increased.[3] In 2017, the U.S.-based research group Freedom House published a report indicating that 25% of countries that suffered "backward moves on democracy" in the previous year were in European democracies, including the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Spain. The report also listed the United States as having regressed democratically.[5] Chavismo in Venezuela is viewed as having propelled democratic backsliding in that country.[6] A 2018 analysis by political scientists Yascha Mounk and Jordan Kyle links populism to democratic backsliding, showing that since 1990, "13 right-wing populist governments have been elected; of these, five brought about significant democratic backsliding. Over the same time period, 15 left-wing populist governments were elected; of these, the same number, five, brought about significant democratic backsliding."[7] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Waldner|first=David|last2=Lust|first2=Ellen|date=2018-05-11|title=Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=93–113|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628|issn=1094-2939}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://www.demdigest.org/democratic-backsliding-happens/|title=How democratic backsliding happens|work=Democracy Digest|date=February 21, 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 Aziz Huq & Tom Ginsburg, [https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/2/21/14664568/lose-constitutional-democracy-autocracy-trump-authoritarian How to lose a constitutional democracy], Vox (February 21, 2017). 4. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/media/Journal%20of%20Democracy%20Web%20Exchange%20-%20Norris_0.pdf |title=Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks |last=Norris |first=Pippa |authorlink=Pippa Norris |date=April 2017 |website=Journal of Democracy |series=Online Exchange on “Democratic Deconsolidation”|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |language=en |type=Scholarly response to column published online |access-date=2018-08-28}} 5. ^{{Cite news|author=Esther King|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/democratic-backsliding-threatens-international-order-report/|title=Democratic backsliding threatens international order: report|date=January 31, 2017|work=Politico}} 6. ^{{cite journal |first=Kirk |last=Hawkins |ssrn=2779566 |title=Chavismo, Liberal Democracy, and Radical Democracy |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=19 |year=2016 |pages=311–329 }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/hard-data-populism-bolsonaro-trump/578878/|title=What Populists Do to Democracies|last=Kyle|first=Yascha Mounk, Jordan|date=2018-12-26|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}} Further reading
External links
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