词条 | Yara International |
释义 |
| name = Yara International ASA | type = Allmennaksjeselskap | traded_as = {{ose|YAR}}| company_logo = | foundation = 1905 | location = Oslo, Norway | key_people = Svein Tore Holsether (President and CEO), Leif Teksum (Chairman) | industry = Chemicals | products = Nitrogen fertilizers, nitrates | revenue = {{gain}} NOK 111.897 billion (2015)[1] | operating_income = {{gain}} NOK 14.104 billion (2015)[1] | net_income = {{gain}} NOK 8.083 billion (2015)[1] | assets = {{gain}} NOK 118.863 billion (end 2015)[1] | equity = {{gain}} NOK 75.727 billion (end 2015)[1] | num_employees = 12,883 (end 2015)[1] | homepage = www.yara.com }} Yara International ASA is a Norwegian chemical company. Its largest business area is the production of nitrogen fertilizer,[2][3] however it also encompasses the production of nitrates, ammonia, urea and other nitrogen-based chemicals. The company was established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro – the world’s first producer of mineral nitrogen fertilizers – and de-merged as Yara International ASA on March 25, 2004. Yara is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Oslo. The company has around 13,000 employees, production sites on six continents, operations in more than 50 countries and sales to about 150 countries.[4] The Norwegian government owns more than a third of Yara and is its largest shareholder.[5] Business{{buzzword|date=August 2018}}The company has three primary areas of activity:
Structurally, there are three business platforms and operating segments (Production, Crop Nutrition, and Industrial), coordinated through the Supply Chain platform to ensure synergies:
History1900-1919The history of Yara dates back to the establishment of Norsk hydroelektiske kvelstoffaktieselskab, or Norsk Hydro, as it later became known, in December 1905 after nitrogen fertilizer was successfully produced at Notodden.[6] Norsk Hydro was founded by Sam Eyde, Kristian Birkeland, and Marcus Wallenberg.[7][8] In 1903, Birkeland and Eyde had developed direct nitrogen fixation, called the Birkeland-Eyde process,[9] based on a method used by Henry Cavendish in 1784.[10] The company used Norway’s large hydroelectric-energy resources to produce its first product. Between 1906 and 1919 Norsk Hydro built two hydroelectric power plants in Notodden and Rjukan.[11] The company sent its first shipment to China in 1913. 1960-1977Following the successful production of mineral fertilizer, the company expanded into other businesses such as oil and metals. In 1969, Norsk Hydro entered into its first joint venture, with authorities in Qatar. With access to a competitive source of gas and a strategic location in the Middle East, the joint venture opened up a global market for the company. Norsk Hydro was led by Johan Berthin Holte as CEO from 1967 until 1977.[12] By the 1970s, the company was established in Asia, the Middle East and North America. The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was a period of rapid growth, through the acquisition of major fertilizer companies in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. At the end of the 1990s, the company was also established in Brazil and South Africa. 2004-2008In 2004, Hydro Agri de-merged from Norsk Hydro and became an independent company called Yara International ASA. The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on March 25, 2004 and is a leading producer of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen products, and NPK specialty fertilizers.[13] Since then, Yara has continued to expand its global presence through investments in other countries, with many acquisitions, joint ventures, and new projects, primarily in Africa and North and South America. In July 2006 Yara paid $126 million for a controlling share in Fertibras. This acquisition gave Yara more than 99% of the voting stock in Fertibras[14] and 15% of Fosfertil, the largest producer in Brazil of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.[14] 2008-2014In 2008, Thorleif Enger retired, and {{Interlanguage link multi|Jørgen Ole Haslestad|no}} became CEO. On his appointment, Haslestad stated: "Yara must continue its growth strategy. The company has many exciting opportunities to pursue, for instance when it comes to the environment, where we contribute to better balance in agricultural development and deliver some interesting industrial solutions to environmental problems."[15] Haslestad held the office until 2014, when the company fired him, saying they needed someone who could complete the upcoming merger negotiations and that Haslesrad had been on the point of retiring.[5] Svein Richard Brandtzaeg ten days earlier had decided not to leave Hydro to take over the helm of Yara,[16] after contract negotiations were leaked and charges were laid against Enger, the prior CEO.[17] In January Yara reached an agreement with Vale to sell its Brazilian shares of Fosfertil for $785 million US.[18] Also in 2010, ANZ Bank called in the receivers on the 65% share of Burrup owned by, which was later sold to Yara and to Apache Corporation of New York, which had a gas supply agreement with Burrup.[19] In 2016 the Oswal couple was still litigating the fairness of the proceedings, alleging coercion.[19] Radhika has also been accused of dodging a $186 million tax bill. Also in separate proceedings, her husband is alleged to have taken more than $150 million from entities associated with the fertiliser plant and to have spent the money on private planes and other luxury goods. The two left Perth for Dubai in 2010.[19] On February 25, 2011 the US Treasury Department lifted sanctions that had been in place against Yara subsidiary Libyan Norwegian Fertilizer because of its affiliation with the Libyan government.[20][21] In March 2011 the Dutch government froze about €3 billion in Libyan assets, including Yara's Sluiskil joint venture, half-owned by the LIA and the NOCL[22] On August 3, 2011 Yara announced that it was selling its share in its Russian Rossosh NPK plant for $390 million US, or 2.1 billion kroner (NOK)[23] In 2013 Yara was enmeshed in a scandal that involved many companies and transactions that may not have taken place, Dagens Næringsliv. Norway's business daily, reported that Yara had paid over eight million Norwegian krone to Shukri Ghanem, formerly Libya's prime minister, oil minister, and senior commander of the state oil company. Ghanem had been found dead in the Austrian Danube in 2012.[24] Yara issued fictitious invoices to account for the money transfers, which were deposited in the bank account of a relative of Ghanem in the UBS Bank in Switzerland.[24] The Norwegian (Økokrim) anti-corruption agency noticed the payments in 2011. The head of the upstream segment, Tor Halba, had warned of possible corrupt practices in a 2008 internal email. Investigators came across the payments when they seized business records for two Swiss-based businesses, one of them Yara's fertilizer trading subsidiary, Balderton. Yara's own investigation uncovered additional corruption in India.[24] Økokrim charged the company with gross corruption in both cases.[24] On October 26, 2013 Yara acquired OFD Holding Inc.(OFD) from Omimex Resources Inc. for US $425 million, gaining production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies across Latin America.[37] 2014Norwegian authorities had been informed by the company in 2011 that it might have been involved in corruption in connection with 2008 negotiations leading to 2009's investment of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner into a 50% share of Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company,[25] or LIFECO.[26] In January 2014, the corporation agreed to pay a $48 million fine in a case involving corruption between 2004 and 2009. The company admitted bribing senior government officials in India and Libya, as well as to suppliers in Russia and India.[27] The fine was the largest ever of its kind in Norway.[28] The case puts two cohorts of Yara executives up against each other.[29] On 10 January 2014 the Norwegian Cabinet approved the indictment of former deputy CEO Daniel Clauw in connection with Norway's investigation of Yara.[30] Three other Yara executives were also indicted in the case.[31] They were sentenced July 7, 2015. Enger, the former CEO, received the harshest sentence, three years. The former chief legal officer, Kendrick Wallace, was given a 2½-year sentence, and Clauw and former upstream coordinator Tor Halba were given two-year sentences.[32] Yara International announced in September 2014 that it was in talks with CF Industries about a possible merger of equals, a deal worth over $27 billion.[33][34] 2015-In Zambia, Yara acquired Greenbelt Fertilizers, a company with a strong footprint in Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi. In September 2015, Svein Tore Holsether joined Yara as the company´s new President and CEO. In 2015, the last Yara Prize was awarded before it was turned into the Africa Food Prize. The prize was launched back in 2005. From 2016 and onwards, the Yara Prize has been turned into the Africa Food Prize, in collaboration with Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In February 2016 the two urea and two ammonia plants Yara has in Brega were operating at less than 50% of their capacity.[35] In 2017, Yara ordered the {{MV|Yara Birkeland||2}}, which will be the world's first autonomous ship. Entering service in 2018, it will be fully autonomous by 2020.[36] Acquisitions, joint ventures and expansions
Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company B.V.,[48] registered in the Netherlands, is co-owned by Yara and "Libyan partners ... with close ties to Muammar Gaddafi and his clan" according to Dagens Næringsliv.[49] Authorities{{who|date=July 2016}} have frozen{{when|date=July 2016}} the joint venture's bank accounts in the Netherlands.[50]
Chairmen
CEOs
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://yara.com/doc/227952_Yara_Annual_report_2015.pdf|title=Financial Report 2015 |publisher=Yara International |accessdate=19 September 2016}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15549105|title=Mergers in the fertiliser industry |date=18 February 2010|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=21 February 2010}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aMuZb_eEC0KU&refer=canada|title=Yara Quarterly Profit Gains Threefold; Buys Plant |last=Stigset|first=Marianne|date=15 July 2008|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=2009-03-25}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/investor_relations/company_overview/index.aspx|title=Company overview|work=Investor Relations}} 5. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://next.ft.com/content/c890a00a-4e2c-11e4-bfda-00144feab7de|title=Yara ousts chief amid $27bn merger talks with CF: Chairman of Norwegian fertiliser company rejects image of chaos|publisher=Financial Times|date=October 7, 2014|author=Richard Milne|accessdate=July 5, 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/1900-1905/index.aspx|title=1900-1905|work=yara.com}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/our_history_at_a_glance/index.aspx|title=That I can get for you!|work=yara.com}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/1900-1905/three_remarkable_men.aspx|title=Three remarkable men|work=yara.com}} 9. ^{{cite journal| title= THE MANUFACTURE OF NITRATES FROM THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE ELECTRIC ARC—BIRKELAND-EYDE PROCESS| first=Sam | last=Eyde | journal= Journal of the Royal Society of Arts| volume= 57| issue = 2949 | year= 1909| pages= 568–576 | jstor=41338647}} 10. ^{{cite book| title = The development of modern chemistry| author = Aaron John Ihde| publisher = Courier Dover Publications| year = 1984| isbn = 0-486-64235-6| page = 678}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/1906-1919/index.aspx|title=1906-1919|work=yara.com}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/1960-1969/johan_b_holte.aspx|title=A dynamic and visionary leader|work=yara.com}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/at_a_glance/index.aspx|title=Yara at a Glance(press release)|date=March 2014|publisher=Yara Media Relations}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|agency=ICIS News|title=Yara buys controlling stake in Fertibras for $126m|url=http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2006/07/18/1074595/yara-buys-controlling-stake-in-fertibras-for-126m/|date=18 July 2006|accessdate=July 13, 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/2008-2009/yara_appoints_new_ceo.aspx|title=2008: Yara appoints new CEO|work=yara.com}} 16. ^{{cite news|title= UPDATE 2-New Yara CEO quits before he starts after merger talks announcement|author1=Balazs Koranyi|author2=Joachim Dagenborg|agency=Reuters|date=September 26, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/norsk-hydro-ceo-idUSL6N0RR09720140926}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://next.ft.com/content/c890a00a-4e2c-11e4-bfda-00144feab7de|work=Financial Times|title=Yara ousts chief amid $27bn merger talks with CF: Chairman of Norwegian fertiliser company rejects image of chaos|date=October 7, 2014|author=Richard Milne}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://yara.com/media/press_releases/1378493/press_release/201001/yara-to-sell-fosfertil-shares/|date=January 10, 2010|title=Yara to Sell Fosfertil Shareso }} 19. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/ppb-ran-flawed-process-for-sale-of-oswals-burrup-fertiliser-shares-court-told-20160531-gp7srh.html|title=PPB ran 'flawed' process for sale of Oswals' Burrup Fertiliser shares, court told|author=Sarah Danckert|date=May 31, 2016|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=July 13, 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011: Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya: GENERAL LICENSE NO. 8A: General License with Respect to the Government of Libya, its Agencies, Instrumentalities, and Controlled Entities, and the Central Bank of Libya |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/libya2_gl8a.pdf|date=February 25, 2011|publisher=Department of the Treasury |author=Office of Foreign Assets Control |work=Libyan Sanctions Regulations: 31 C.F.R. Part 570 |accessdate=July 6, 2011}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20111118.aspx|work=Libya Designations Removals: |title=Specially Designated Nationals Update|date=November 18, 2011|author=Office of Foreign Assets Control|publisher=US Department of the Treasury|accessdate=July 6, 2011}} 22. ^{{cite web |date=March 30, 2011|title= Dutch freeze Libyan assets|url= http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2011/03/dutch_freeze_libyan_assets/|work=Dutch News}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=http://yara.com/media/press_releases/1535889/press_release/201108/yara-to-sell-its-minority-position-in-rossosh/|title=Yara to sell its minority position in Rossosh}} 24. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=A top Norwegian fertilizer company, Yara embroiled in corruption scandal in Libya|date=26 March 2013|url=http://www.scancomark.com/Companies/A-top-Norwegian-company-embroiled-in-corruption-scandal-in-Libya-083126032013|work=Companies News|accessdate=July 6, 2016}} 25. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/09/yara-libya-idUSL938482020090209 | work=Reuters | title=Yara completes $225 mln Libya fertiliser deal | date=February 9, 2009}} 26. ^Dagens Næringsliv, 2011-04-16, p.4 27. ^{{cite news| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/15/yara-bribery-idUSL5N0KP0R520140115 | work=Reuters | title=Norway's Yara fined $48 mln after cross-border bribery probe | date=January 15, 2014}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/artikkel.php?artid=10142534|title=Avslører en ukultur|work=VG}} 29. ^{{cite news| url= http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/03/yara-corruption-trial-set-for-early-next-year/ | work=News in English.no | title=Yara corruption trial set for early next year | date=April 3, 2014}} 30. ^{{cite news|title=Tiltale ble godkjent i statsråd|newspaper=Dagens Næringsliv|date=2014-01-18|author=Line Dugstad|page=10}} 31. ^{{cite news|title=Direktører peker på hverandre|newspaper=Dagens Næringsliv|date=2014-01-18|author=Line Dugstad|author2=Morten Ånestad|pages=8–9}} 32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yara-intl-lawsuit-idUSKCN0PH1LY20150707|agency=Reuters|work=World |date=July 7, 2015|title=Former Yara executives sentenced to prison in corruption case}} 33. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/23/us-yara-intl-cf-industries-m-a-idUSKCN0HI0TQ20140923 Yara, CF in talks to create $27 billion fertilizer giant]. Reuters, 23 September 2014 34. ^{{cite news|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/09/23/fertilizer-makers-yara-and-cf-industries-discussing-merger-of-equals/?_r=0|title=Fertilizer Makers Yara and CF Industries Discussing ‘Merger of Equals’|author1=David Gelles|author2=Chad Bray|date=September 23, 2014 |accessdate=July 5, 2016|publisher=New York Times|work=DealB%k|page=B9}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chemweek.com/regions/africa/libya/Libyan-fertilizer-complex-running-at-less-than-50-percent-of-capacity_77339.html|title=Libyan fertilizer complex running at less than 50% of capacity|date=February 22, 2016 |author=Natasha Alperowicz|accessdate=July 6, 2016}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://newatlas.com/autonomous-electric-shipping-container-vessel/49477/ |title=World's first all-electric autonomous container ship to set sail in 2018 |first=Rich |last=Haridy |publisher=Newatlas |date=10 May 2017 |accessdate=25 July 2017}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gasworld.com/news.php?a=40|title= Yara acquires the minority stake in Russian fertiliser plant|date=February 10, 2005|publisher=Gasworld.com }} 38. ^{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINTRE61E3H220100216|title=Timeline: Fertilizer maker Yara's ambitious expansion|date=February 16, 2010|publisher=Reuters}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/about/history/2006-2007/kemira_growhow_takeover.aspx|title=2007:Yara announces Kemira GrowHow takeover|year=2007|publisher=Yara}} 40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wilhelmsen.com/services/maritime/aboutwms/PressRoom/newsandpressPagesYaraandWilhelmsenenterinnovativeenvironmentalcollaboration.aspx |title = Press release - Yara and Wilhelmsen enter innovative environmental collaboration |author = Wilhelmsen Maritime Services |date = August 22, 2007 |accessdate = 2013-01-13 |publisher = wilhelmsen.com}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=a200a881-a02c-4671-9023-f01d7af514e2|title= Sale of Saskferco is finalized (press release)|date=October 1, 2008|publisher= Government of Saskatchewan}} 42. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL938482020090209|title=Yara completes $225 mln Libya fertiliser deal|date=February 9, 2009 |publisher=Reuters}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://cws.huginonline.com/Y/134793/PR/200910/1346829_5.html|title=Yara JV Qafco signs letter of intent for expansion|publisher=Yara.com}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cisionwire.com/ext/yara-international-asa/yara-acquires-remaining-50--of-balderton-fertiliser|title=Yara acquires remaining 50% of Balderton Fertiliser (press release)|date=January 28, 2010|publisher=Cisionwire}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-07/yara-to-buy-bunge-s-brazil-fertilizer-business-for-750-million.html|title=Yara to Buy Bunge Brazil Fertilizer Assets for $750 Million (press release)|date=December 7, 2012|publisher= Bloomberg}} 46. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.yara.com/media/press_releases/1736863/press_release/201310/yara-and-wilhelmsen-strengthen-collaboration-in-maritime-emissions-reduction-market | title = Yara and Wilhelmsen strengthen collaboration in maritime emissions reduction market | author = Yara International | date = October 21, 2013 | accessdate = 2013-01-13 | publisher = yara.com}} 47. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.yara.com/media/press_releases/1745697/press_release/201311/new-yara-acquisition-in-latin-america|title=New Yara acquisition in Latin America(press release)|date=November 26, 2013|publisher=Yara Media Relations}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/229513-nederland-bevriest-libische-tegoeden.html|title=Nederland bevriest Libische tegoeden|work=nos.nl}} 49. ^Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53: "Det har opprettet et selskap i Nederland sammen med libyske partnere som skulle vise seg å ha tette forbindelser til Muammar Gadaffi og hans klan." 50. ^Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53 51. ^{{cite web |title=Norway's fertilizer producer Yara opens business service center in Vilnius |url=http://l24.lt/en/economy/item/274319-norway-s-fertilizer-producer-yara-opens-business-service-center-in-vilnius |website=l24.lt |accessdate=8 December 2018}} 52. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmbiztoday.com/articles/yara-expecting-strong-growth-myanmar|title=Yara Expecting Strong Growth in Myanmar|website=Myanmar Business Today|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06}} 53. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.yara.com/media/press_releases/1782835/press_release/201405/yara-approves-dividend-and-share-buy-back-program-and-elects-new-chairperson | title = Yara approves dividend and share buy-back program and elects new chairperson | author = Yara International | date = May 6, 2014 | publisher = yara.com}} 54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/04/14/reitan-stands-down-as-yara-chairman/|title=Reitan stands down as Yara chairman|work=newsinenglish.no}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/naeringsliv/reitan-oensker-mer-tid-med-familien/22891725|title=Reitan: - Ønsker mer tid med familien|author1=Tone Iren Sørheim |author2=Andreas Wolden Fredriksen |author3=Sophie Lorch-Falch |work=E24}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/jobb/slik-skjules-loennshoppene/20237179?view=print|title=Slik skjules lønnshoppene|language=Norwegian|trans-title=Hidden Salaries|date=2 June 2012|accessdate=11 July 2014|last=Johnsrud|first=Ingar|publisher=E24}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://e24.no/lov-og-rett/yaras-ryddegutt-kommer-fra-korrupsjonsetterforsket-selskap/20271919|title=Yaras ryddegutt kommer fra korrupsjonsetterforsket selskap|author=E24|work=E24}} External links{{Commons category|Yara}}
8 : Chemical companies of Norway|Norsk Hydro|Fertilizer companies|Agriculture companies of Norway|Manufacturing companies based in Oslo|Chemical companies established in 1905|1905 establishments in Norway|Companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange |
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