| 词条 | Denise Kandel |
| 释义 |
|name = Denise Kandel |image = Denise Kandel.jpg |birth_name = Denise Bystryn |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|02|27}} |birth_place = Paris, France |death_date = |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = United States |nationality = United States |ethnicity = |field = Social medicine, epidemiology |work_institutions = Sociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry at Columbia University and Department of Epidemiology of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Longitudinal studies on the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |footnotes = |signature = |spouse ={{Marriage|Eric Richard Kandel |1956}} |children = 2 }} Denise Kandel ({{IPA-de|ˈkandəl|lang}}; née Bystryn; born February 27, 1933) is an American medical sociologist and epidemiologist. She is known for her epidemiological longitudinal studies on the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs, carried out beginning in the 1970s and continuing until at least 2016.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} LifeBackground and familyBystryn was born to Jewish parents who emigrated in the 1920s, before knowing each other, from eastern Poland to France to attend university. Her father Iser Bystryn (1901–1954) studied in Caen and became chief engineer in a truck factory near Paris. Her mother Sara Wolsky Bystryn (1906–2003) had to abandon her plans to study in Paris for financial reasons and learned making hats and corsets. Kandel was born two years after the marriage (1930) of her parents. She had a younger brother, Jean-Claude Bystryn (1938–2010), who became a known American dermatologist and scientist at the NYU Langone Medical Center.[1] Both parents were fluent in French, but spoke Yiddish at home.[2] In France up to 1949The family lived in Colombes near Paris, and Kandel attended a primary school for girls (Ecole des Filles). The children grew up secularly, the family never went to synagogue, and they had presents at Christmas. In 1941, when Kandel was eight, and one year after the German invasion of France during the Second World War, Denise’s father was arrested as "foreign Jew" and interned approximately 100 km south of Paris in the Nazi Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. After some time he succeeded in fleeing to Cahors in south-western France, where could also meet his family again. While the parents – separated from each other – had to hide at changing places, the children found more stable shelter. Kandel could stay as a pupil in the convent Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc of Cahors until spring 1944, when she had to flee even from there and then lived with a family near Toulouse. In 1949 her family emigrated to the US.[2][3] In the USA since 1949Kandel attended the Lycée Français de New York, where she received the Baccalauréat after one year. Already at the age of 17 she was accepted by Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, where she graduated within two years for financial reasons. She then returned to New York to become a PhD student at Columbia University. Her tutor was Robert K. Merton, and she wrote a thesis in medical sociology about how medical students decide on their professional specialization. During this time she met neuropsychiatrist Eric Kandel, future recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. They married in 1956 and had two children.[4] Scientific workWhen in the 1960s research on drug misuse gained in importance, Kandel applied to join a research team that intended to investigate drug use among high school students. She assumed she could contribute with her research experience concerning the influence of parents and peer groups on adolescents. However, she was rejected, because she wanted to interview both parents and students, and the research team feared that this might undermine students' cooperation. Kandel developed her own research project, which ultimately led to an influential longitudinal study of 1,325 persons. Later, she considered this work as a turning point in her career.[4] The main subject of this and further similar investigations was the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs. Her research in this area found a strong resonance in scientific and political discussions, and the catchphrases "stepping-stone theory" (used since the 1930s) and "gateway hypothesis" (used since the 1980s) were associated with her name, though often misleadingly.[5] Contrary to many others, Kandel always emphasized the difference between sequence and causation in the first-time use of different substances. These may – but need not – be coupled, a question which is investigated in further research, particularly in physiological experiments.[6][7][8][9] Kandel is Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry at Columbia University and Head of the Department of Epidemiology of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.[10] Awards
Selected publicationsOriginal research reports
Books
References1. ^{{citenews|title=Obituaries: Jean-Claude Bystryn MD|url=http://webdoc.nyumc.org/nyumc/files/communications/attachments/Pages%20from%20PhysicianMagFall2010_72dpiOBITS.pdf|work=NYU Physician|publisher=NYU Langone Medical Center|date=Fall 2010}} 2. ^1 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Photography (large format) of the parents from 1930 and many biographical details about the family (accessed May 23, 2016). 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/righteousName.html?language=en&itemId=6800975 |author=The World Holocaust Remembrance Center|title=Four hotographies of Denise Bystryn Kandel from the years 1942–1944|access-date= May 23, 2016}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/sandt/2003_january/gateway.html|author= Barbara Spector|title=The Gateway Hypothesis of Substance Abuse|publisher= Bryn Mawr College|work=newsletter ’’Science and Technology’’|date= January 2003 |access-date= May 23, 2016}} 5. ^Denise B. Kandel (Ed.): Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis, Cambridge University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-521-78969-1}}, pp. 3f. 6. ^{{cite journal|pages=607–615|doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1301127|pmid= 16823391|year=2007|author1=Ellgren|first1=M|title=Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=32|issue=3|last2=Spano|first2=S. M.|last3=Hurd|first3=Y. L.}} 7. ^{{cite journal|pages=259–266|doi=10.1007/s002130100875|pmid=11713615|year=2001|author1=Cadoni|first1=C|title=Behavioural sensitization after repeated exposure to Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=158|issue=3|last2=Pisanu|first2=A|last3=Solinas|first3=M|last4=Acquas|first4=E|last5=Di Chiara|first5=G}} 8. ^{{cite journal|pages=1198–1208|doi=10.1038/npp.2013.16|pmid=23314220|pmc=3656362|year=2013|author1=Panlilio|first1=L. V.|title=Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=38|issue=7|last2=Zanettini|first2=C|last3=Barnes|first3=C|last4=Solinas|first4=M|last5=Goldberg|first5=S. R.}} 9. ^{{cite journal|pages=932–943|doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1405092|pmid=25184865|pmc=4353486|year=2014|author1=Kandel|first1=E. R.|title=Shattuck Lecture. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=371|issue=10|last2=Kandel|first2=D. B.}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/dkandel|title= Website von Denise Kandel am Columbia University Medical Center|access-date=May 23, 2016}} 11. ^National Institute of Health (NIH). 12. ^American Society of Addiction Medicine: Award Winners. 13. ^The Society for Prevention Research, Award Listings, 2003. External links
4 : American epidemiologists|Medical sociologists|1933 births|Living people |
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