1. Biography

2. Selected works

3. See also

4. References

5. Bibliography

6. External links

Deolinda Rodrigues (also, Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida; pseudonym, Langidila; nickname, "Mother of the Revolution"; 10 February 1939 – 2 March 1967)^[1] was an Angolan nationalist, heroine, militant, writer, and translator, who also taught, wrote poetry, and worked as a radio host.{{sfn|Stead|Rorison|Scafidi|2013|p=22}} Born into a Methodist family, she received a scholarship to study in Brazil, from where she corresponded with Martin Luther King, Jr. Fearing extradition, she continued her education in the United States before returning to Angola. Rodríguez was a member of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and co-founded its women's wing, the Organização da Mulher de Angola (Organization of Angolan Women; OMA). Due to her support of the growing Angolan Independence movement, she was captured, tortured, and executed. A documentary of her life was released in 2014.

Biography

Rodríguez de Almeida was born in Catete, Angola, on 10 February 1939.{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=15}} Her Methodist parents were schoolteachers, and she was a middle child, with four other siblings. She moved to Luanda and lived with her cousin, the poet Agostinho Neto, who went on to become the first president of Angola.^[2] Though she was educated in the Methodist Missionary schools and taught writing and translating while a young girl,{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=15}} by the late 1950s she had begun to question the paternal attitude of both the government and the church.{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=20}} In 1956, Rodríguez joined the MPLA as a translator.{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=20}} While a sociology student on scholarship at Methodist University of São Paulo in 1959, she exchanged correspondence with Martin Luther King, Jr.^[2][2] Fearing she would be extradited from Brazil because of the Portuguese Imperial relationship between its colonies and her support of the growing Angolan Independence movement, Rodríguez de Almeida moved to the United States the following year and studied at Drew University.{{sfn|King|Carson|Holloran|2005|p=250}} Because she wanted to be an active participant in Angola's independence, Rodríguez did not finish school and decided to leave the U.S.^[3] In February 1961, she was recruited to participate in the MPLA attack on "Fortalesa", later gaining the honorary title of "Mother of the Revolution".{{sfn|Kukkuk|2005|p=140}}

Rodríguez traveled to Guinea-Bissau and Congo Kinshasa, where she co-founded the Organização da Mulher de Angola (Organization of Angolan Women; OMA), the women's division of the MPLA.{{sfn|Tripp|2015|p=119}} She received guerrilla training in Kabinda, and joined the Esquadrão Kamy. She returned to Angola in 1962. As a revolutionary movement leader and activist, she campaigned for human rights in Angola, and was associated with the Corpo Voluntário Angolano de Assistência aos Refugiados (CVAAR).{{sfn|King|Carson|Holloran|2005|p=250}} In 1963, the government expelled the MPLA leadership, forcing them to flee to Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.^[3] Her writings from the time show an increasing move towards Marxism–Leninism{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=23}} and a painful awareness that her womanhood made her invisible even though she was part of the leadership.{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=21}} She expressed her frustration at the discrimination she faced for her lack of domesticity, saying that she was treated as if being single was "shameful or of the devil".{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=22}}

Pushed out of Brazaville, the MPLA moved to the border with Cabinda in 1966, where fighting intensified over the next two years.{{sfn|Paredes|2010|p=23}} A martyr of the struggle for freedom, Rodríguez de Almeida and four other OMA members (Engracia dos Santos, Irene Cohen, Lucrecia Paim, and Teresa Afonso) were captured by the União dos Povos de Angola (UPA) guerrilla group (later, National Liberation Front of Angola) on 2 March 1967. They were tortured and dismembered alive.^[4] Taken to the FNLA camp, Kinkuzu, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rodríguez was executed in prison.{{sfn|Sellström|1999|p=415}}

Posthumously, her diary was published in 2003 under the title Diário de um exilio sem regresso and her letters and correspondence were published in 2004 as Cartas de Langidila e outros documentos.{{sfn|Moorman|2008|p=198}}^[5] In 2010, a documentary of her life was begun. Filmed in Angola, Brazil and Mozambique, the film interviews associates and incorporates text from Rodrígues's diaries. It took four years for the documentary to reach completion. Langidila—diário de um exílio sem regresso (Langidila—Diary of an exile without return) was released in 2014 and gives the story of the independence of Angola from the perspective of Rodríguez and her companions.^[6] In 2011, Marcia Hinds Gleckler, who had served in the Methodist Missionary Movement in the 1950s, wrote an on-line memoir and book entitled Dear Deolinda of their time together, her recollections and reflections of the era.^[7]

Selected works

• {{cite book|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Deolinda|editor1-last=de Almeida|editor1-first=Roberto|title=Diário de um exilio sem regresso|date=2003|publisher=Editorial Nzila|location=Luanda, Angola|isbn=978-972-8-82314-6|edition= 1a|language=Portuguese}}
• {{cite book|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Deolinda|editor1-last=de Almeida|editor1-first=Roberto|title=Cartas de Langidila e outros documentos|date=2004|publisher=Editorial Nzila|location=Luanda, Angola|isbn=978-972-8-82378-8|edition= 1a|language=Portuguese, Kimbundu}}

See also

• Congo Crisis

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=King|first1=Martin Luther, Jr.|last2=Carson|first2=Clayborne|last3=Holloran|first3=Peter|title=The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Threshold of a new decade, January 1959 – December 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TU_HozbJSC8C&pg=PA250|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24239-5}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kukkuk|first=Leon|title=Letters to Gabriella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdtX3FwAMEoC&pg=PA140|date=30 May 2005|publisher=FLF Press|isbn=978-1-891855-67-2}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Moorman|first=Marissa J.|title=Intonations: A Social History of Music and Nation in Luanda, Angola, from 1945 to Recent Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie1HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT224|year=2008|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Athens, Ohio|isbn=978-0-8214-4304-0}}
• {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Paredes|first1=Margarida|title=Deolinda Rodrigues, da Família Metodista à Família MPLA, o Papel da Cultura na Política|journal=Cadernos de Estudos Africanos|date=2010|issue=20|doi=10.4000/cea.135|url=https://cea.revues.org/pdf/135|accessdate=5 February 2016|publisher=Centro de Estudos Internacionais|location=Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal|language=Portuguese}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sellström|first=Tor|title=Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Formation of a popular opinion (1950–1970)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tftdYTz2Ac4C&pg=PA415|year=1999|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-430-1}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Stead|first1=Mike|last2=Rorison|first2=Sean|last3=Scafidi|first3=Oscar|title=Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jqQRmcjxLYC&pg=PA22|year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-443-3}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tripp|first=Aili Mari|title=Women and Power in Post-Conflict Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70-2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|date=20 October 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11557-6}}

External links

• Dear Deolinda

• 9th Quebec Legislature
• 9th radio centre of Moscow
• 9th Reconnaissance Wing
• 9th Reserve Division (German Empire)
• 9th Royal Tank Regiment
• 9th Screen Actors Guild Awards
• 9th Seanad
• 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition
• 9th Space Division
• 9th Street Art Exhibition
• 9th Street (PATH service)
• 9th Street station (PATH)
• 9th Street–Congress Street station
• 9th symphony
• 9th Texas Legislature
• 9th (The Queen's Royal) Lancers
• 9th Thermidor
• 9th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
• 9th U-boat Flotilla
• 9th United States Army
• 9th U.S. Infantry
• 9th Vermont Infantry
• 9th Virginia Regiment
• 9th Ward
• 9th ward