“Detroit Demolition Project”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Detroit Demolition Program was started in 2014 by a major push from Mayor Mike Duggan. The program relied on federal and state funding to remove commercial and housing properties that were not in use and had unlivable conditions. The plan was for 40,000 properties to be taken down to allow for property values to rise and have land for new homes and office space to be built in the city. Poverty and crime continue to impact the city, and the demolition program was created in hopes to improve conditions for the people living in the urban areas of Detroit. As of April 2019, the program is in effect with plans to continue for eight more years.

History

By the time Detroit filed for bankruptcy in the summer of 2013, the city had been experiencing urban blight for decades. A multitude of factors, including racial unrest, a struggling automotive industry, and white flight had deprived the city of a tax base, leading to deficits and a failure of the municipal system.^[1] Further compounding Detroit’s problems was the fact that despite large decreases in population, its area remained unchanged, stretching thin municipal services.^[2] High rates of housing vacancies in turn lead to large tracts of urban space marked by deteriorating buildings and associated with high poverty and crime rates. The resulting phenomenon of urban shrinkage and vacant lots only serve to perpetuate the unemployment and poverty plaguing the Detroit inner city.^[3] In response to the issues of “urban blight,” Detroit has accelerated demolition projects with faster, less cumbersome guidelines, demolishing 3,739 vacant buildings in 2014.^[4]

Detroit Demolition Project Mission

The Detroit Demolition Project was founded in 2014 to remove blight from the city’s urban properties with the goals of minimizing adverse environmental and health risks, safely salvaging or disposing unused material, and leaving sites in suitable condition for redevelopment. Working in conjunction with EPA Region 5, demolitions are conducted in compliance with local regulations for asbestos removal, backfill contamination, dust control, and deconstruction.^[5]

Many of the demolitions are the funded by the Hardest Hit Fund, which account for 2/3 of the recorded demolitions to this point.^[6] The HHF is a federally funded program established in 2010 to aid states affected by the 2007 mortgage crisis. A July 2015 report published by Dynamo Metrics, a government collaborated property analytics aggregator stated the average cost of an individual HHF demolition as $14,855.^[7]

Program Effects

Results

The first home demolitions in Detroit occurred in January of 2014, and as of April 2019, the program is still in effect. In this time over [https://detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program 17,000] properties have been torn down.^[8] Another 2,800 demolitions have already been contracted and will occur within the next 12 months. The city hopes to reach 40,000 demolitions over the next eight years. The city of Detroit is split into seven council districts. The Detroit Demolition Program targeted all of these districts. Each region had between [https://data.detroitmi.gov/Government/Demolitions-Data-Lens/xhif-khyv 1,500-3,000 demolitions].^[9] These demolitions were contracted to numerous companies with [https://detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program#Become-Demolition-Contractor $90 million]^[10] going to businesses that started up in Detroit. Most of these funds come from a Hardest Hit Funding program that is federally funded.

The government website for the program provides evidence that there have been increases in property values due to the demolitions. The study for this was conducted by The Skillman Foundation, Rock Ventures, and Dynamo Metrics in October 2015, 21 months after the demolitions began. In this time span, homes in nearby areas (within 500ft of demolitions) showed increases in property values by [https://detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program/impact-demo-property-values an estimated 4.2%].^[11] When demolitions were incorporated into other blight-elimination strategies, including nuisance-abatement lawsuits, auctions, and sales of side lots to neighbors, these regions saw a 13.8% increase in home valuation.^[7] As of March 2018, [https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/2018/03/detroit_expects_to_fix_demolis.html 3,000 previously vacant homes have been sold], resulting in an influx of members within the community.^[12]

A Wayne State University study on the effects of Detroit demolitions on crime rates found that the 9,398 demolitions conducted by the city between 2010 and 2014 were associated with statistically significant decreases in rates of total crime, violent crime, and property crime. On the other hand, while a decrease in drug crime was also observed, the study could not attribute the decrease to the demolitions due to a weaker statistical relationship.^[4]

Controversies

In February 2019, federal authorities decided to expand an investigation looking into the environmental negligence of the demolition program. Some research had shown that the dirt used to fill areas that were demolished was contaminated.^[13] Potential lead contamination is being investigated as well, as some areas in the city have seen spikes in lead levels. The demolition program has made no official statement regarding these issues.

Prior to this investigation, a grand jury found the program [https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/06/13/detroit-demolition-program-grand-jury/102816406/ guilty for accepting bribes] for contracting work, and the program was forced to return $6.4 million in funding in 2017.^[14]

See Also

Decline of Detroit, details the factors contributing to the economic downfall of Detroit.

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=McDonald|first=John F.|date=2014-01-23|title=What happened to and in Detroit?:|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098013519505|journal=Urban Studies|language=en|doi=10.1177/0042098013519505}}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bentley|first=George C.|last2=McCutcheon|first2=Priscilla|last3=Cromley|first3=Robert G.|last4=Hanink|first4=Dean M.|date=2016-07-03|title=Race, class, unemployment, and housing vacancies in Detroit: an empirical analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1112642|journal=Urban Geography|volume=37|issue=5|pages=785–800|doi=10.1080/02723638.2015.1112642|issn=0272-3638}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Xie|first=Yichun|last2=Gong|first2=Hongmian|last3=Lan|first3=Hai|last4=Zeng|first4=Shi|date=2018-03-24|title=Examining shrinking city of Detroit in the context of socio-spatial inequalities|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204618300719|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|language=en|volume=177|pages=350–361|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.002|via=}}
4. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Matthew|last2=Xu|first2=Yanqing|last3=Ouellet|first3=Leah|last4=Klahm|first4=Charles F.|date=2019-11-29|title=Exploring the impact of 9398 demolitions on neighborhood-level crime in Detroit, Michigan|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047235218303350|journal=Journal of Criminal Justice|language=en|volume=60|pages=57–63|doi=10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.11.002|via=}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/green_demolition_practices.pdf|title=Developing Practical Land Revitalization Tools for Communities: Green Demolition Practices|last=United States Environmental Protection Agency|first=|date=October 2014|work=Land Revitalization Success Stories|access-date=April 7, 2019}}
6. ^City of Detroit. (2019) Detroit Demolitions (April 5 2019) [Demolitions Data Lens visualization from governmental open data]. Retrieved from https://data.detroitmi.gov/Government/Demolitions-Data-Lens/xhif-khyv
7. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55e8c061e4b018cc4b5864bc/t/55f78eeee4b07bf949e5de03/1442287342508/Detroit_DemoStudy_FinalEditedVersion.pdf|title=Estimating Home Equity Impacts from Rapid,Targeted Residential Demolition in Detroit, MI:Application of a Spatially-Dynamic Data System forDecision Support|last=Dynamo Metrics, LLC|first=|date=July 2015|work=Dynamo Metrics|access-date=April 7, 2019}}
8. ^“Detroit Demolition Program.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program#Become-Demolition-Contractor.
9. ^Detroit Demolition Program Interactive Map, https://data.detroitmi.gov/Government/Demolitions-Data-Lens/xhif-khyv
10. ^“Detroit Demolition Program.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program#Become-Demolition-Contractor.
11. ^“Impact of Demo on Property Values.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-building-authority/detroit-demolition-program/impact-demo-property-values.
12. ^Afana, Dana. “Detroit Aims to Fix, Demolish or Board up 22,000 Abandoned Homes by End of 2019.” Mlive.com, Mlive.com, 7 Mar. 2018, www.mlive.com/news/detroit/2018/03/detroit_expects_to_fix_demolis.html.
13. ^“LeDuff: In Detroit, Is Dirt Money in Disguise?” Deadline Detroit, www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/20459/leduff_in_detroit_is_dirt_money_in_disguise.
14. ^Snell, Robert, and Christine Ferretti. “Grand Jury Focusing on Detroit's Demolition Program.” Detroit News, DetroitNews, 14 June 2017, www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/06/13/detroit-demolition-program-grand-jury/102816406/.