1. Location

2. History
    Before the Second Sudanese Civil War  Second Sudanese Civil War   After the Second Sudanese Civil War 

3. Demographics

4. Education

5. Economic activity

6. External links

7. References

8. Bibliography

Yei is a medium-sized city in South Sudan's southwest. It lies close to the borders of two of the country's trading partners, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a business hub, attracting traders and customers from all three countries. Ivory Bank and Kenya Commercial Bank maintain a branches in the city. Yei is served by Yei Airport.

Location

The city of Yei is located in Yei County, Yei River State^[2] in southwestern South Sudan, close to the international borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Uganda. It is approximately {{convert|170|km|mi}}, by road, southwest of Juba, the capital and largest city in South Sudan.^[3] The geographic coordinates of the city of Yei are: 4° 6' 0.00"N, 30° 40' 12.00"E (Latitude: 4.1000; Longitude: 30.6700).

History

Before the Second Sudanese Civil War

The name Yei was given to the location where the current city stands by (traditional chiefs of Kakwa- Chief Gbongale Dada Southern Kakwa, Chief Banja Aligo- Central Kakwa people;; Chief Tombura Tumbura Eastern Kakwa people; Chief Baraba Minde- Western Kakwa people; Pojulu -Chief Ramadala Lomodo for Dimo Pojulu area; Chief Lungaju Ladu for Terepe, Pojulu people; Chief Kundu Lokule for Lokurubang Pojulu people; Mundu- Chief Mungwa for Mundu people; Makaraka- Chief Muktar for Makaraka people; Keliko - Chief Aluma Aligo for Keliko people; Avokaya - Chief Gada for Avokaya people and Baka- Chief Waraga Igbeke for Baka people. But not three traditional chiefs, from the mentioned communitiesPojulu, Gimunu and Azande ethnic groups. This very area was named so because it used to be a center for collection of food products which were contributed in form of taxes by the chiefs from all over the territory farmers for facilitation of administrative services in the district. People used to carry these collected food products from a long distances to take them to the main administrative center called 'Laliok'^[4] in current Lainya County. The Purspose of changing the district center from Laliok to Yei Town was due to lack of adequate water sources in Lainya County. The same chiefs also conferred the name to the river that flows through the area and is now called River Yei. The Kakwa ethnic group exists in the current three Countries namely Uganda, South Sudan and DRC. They were broken into these three countries by the colonial rulers interests. But they continue to co-exist because of cultural and traditional relationships. This coexistence is known as " Salia Musala" which means Tripartite relationship. The Kakwa lived in co-eexistance with other smaller ethnicities without conflicts until politicians got into games of divide and rule. It was because of instigators which caused the people from different ethnicities in Yei to rival from time to time. In 1917, British missionaries built a small medical clinic on the northern bank of River Yei and established elementary schools as well as the government head offices. That is how the town was born.

After the end of the first civil (1955-1972), many people returned from exile back to Yei town. People coming from diaspora had different experiences and different world views. They started to implement what they collected from East Africa, particularly from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and also from Europe. The Yei people's behavior portrayed that of very civilized, social and religious persons. Very hard working and creative ethnic group of people developed in what became Greater Yei District. Most Yei people improved their subsistence agricultural farms and moved to cash crop farming. Coffee and Tea leaves were produced here and sold to the Arab world. Arab traders bring cars for sale in Yei, Kaya, Aboroto, and Baazi. This made business people and expatriates who likes Yei weather and its forests to call the zone as "Small London"

Before the onset of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983 - 2005), Yei was a thriving urban, commercial center. Due to its location, at the borders of Uganda and DRC, the city handled a lot of commerce between the three neighboring countries. At that time, it attracted visitors, from as far away as Juba, about {{convert|170|km|mi}}, by road, to the north of Yei. Civil servants and other Juba residents would flock to Yei on weekends to participate in the exchange of goods and services offered in the many bars, shops and hotels. Yei became known as Small London because of its cosmopolitan nature.

Second Sudanese Civil War

In course of the civil war, the area around Yei became the center of two Ugandan rebel movements that were supported by the Sudanese government, namely the WNBF and UNRF (II). Both waged an insurgency in Uganda, but also fought alongside the Sudanese government against the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) rebels. The SPLA eventually launched a major offensive (codenamed Operation Thunderbolt) against Yei in early 1997, effectively destroying the WNBF and UNRF (II) and capturing Yei itself in March.{{sfnp|Leopold|2001|pp=99–100}} The town remained under SPLA control until the end of the civil war. Following its capture in 1997, the SPLA fortified and turned Yei into a garrison town.

The presence of large numbers of SPLA in town attracted air raids and shelling from the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF). The population fled and the SPLA brought in more troops, who started families and started to grow the population of the city again. As the city became safer, later during the civil war, South Sudanese displacesd from other parts of the country, particularly from the Bahr el Ghazal Region, began flocking to Yei for safety, and later for humanitarian assistance (food, medicine and housing).

After the Second Sudanese Civil War

Following the cessation of major hostilities and the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, South Sudanese who had fled to Uganda and DRC began to return, and many chose Yei as their entry point. Due to the relative safety in the city, and the ready availability of International humanitarian aid, many of the returnees from other South Sudanese states chose to stay in Yei, instead of proceeding to their respective states of origin. This has created tension between the returnees who are native to Yei on one hand, and the IDPs who are native to other areas in South Sudan on the other. Local authorities and international aid partners are still grappling with finding acceptable, equitable and permanent solutions to the land claims and counter-claims and the resulting wrangles. And more returnees were coming in 2011.^[5]

In 2016, Yei has reportedly been depopulated as a result of conflict during the South Sudanese Civil War.^[6]

Demographics

• In 1983 the Sudanese census estimated the population of the city at about 23,500^[7]
• In 2006, USAID estimated the population of Yei at about 60,000^[8]
• In 2010, the mid-year population of the city was estimated at 86,000 by extrapolating the census figures.^[9]
• In 2010, a Gfa/Gitec study estimated the population at about 171,400.^[10]
• In 2011, the South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (SSRRC) estimated the population of Yei at about 185,000.^[11]

The table below summarizes the population estimates, including the sources for each set of figures:

Yei County is traditionally inhabited by many ethnicities including the Kakwa, the Bari, the Pojolu, the Baka, the Mundu, and the Avukaya.

Education

The city is home to the Yei Agricultural and Mechanical University,

Yei Day Senior Secondary School.

Economic activity

The area around Yei receives adequate rainfall year-round, which allows for the cultivation of food and cash crops as well as the raising of domestic livestock. Coffee and cassava are some of the crops grown locally. Lush farmlands cover the landscape on the city outskirts. Three commercial banks maintain branches in the city: Equity Bank (South Sudan), Ivory Bank, and Kenya Commercial Bank (South Sudan).

The road network to neighbouring cities and towns is actively undergoing repairs. For example, the road between Yei and Kaya, on the Ugandan border, has been repaired. It was financed by HABITAT and WFP. With the improvements the travel time to Kaya was reduced from five hours to one. Yei is also served by Yei Airport. The civil war decimated the city's infrastructure. However, with the cessation of hostilities in 2005 and the attainment of independence by South Sudan in July 2011, the prospects of Yei recapturing its former days of Small London look good indeed.

External links

• Gurtong Peace Project with information about South Sudan

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book

• Splendrillia afflicta
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• Splendrillia annectens
• Splendrillia anomala
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• Splendrillia bahamasensis
• Splendrillia biconica
• Splendrillia bozzettii
• Splendrillia braunsi
• Splendrillia candidulus
• Splendrillia carolinae
• Splendrillia clava
• Splendrillia clifdenensis
• Splendrillia compta
• Splendrillia cristata
• Splendrillia cruzensis
• Splendrillia dissimilis
• Splendrillia edita
• Splendrillia espyra
• Splendrillia filiculosa
• Splendrillia flavopunctata
• Splendrillia grandis
• Splendrillia hypsela
• Splendrillia interpunctata
• Splendrillia karukeraensis