| 词条 | Yellow-browed bulbul |
| 释义 |
| image = Yellow-browed bulbul.jpg | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Acritillas | parent_authority = Oberholser, 1905 | species = indica | authority = (Jerdon, 1839) | range_map = Acritillas indica distribution map.png | synonyms = * Hypsipetes indica
}} The yellow-browed bulbul (Acritillas indica), or golden-browed bulbul, is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in the forests of southern India and Sri Lanka. The yellow-browed bulbul is mainly yellow on the underside and olive above with a distinct yellow brow. They are easily located by their loud calls but tend to skulk within foliage below the forest canopy. While its taxonomic classification has changed over time, it is currently recognized as the sole species within the monotypic genus Acritillas. Taxonomy and systematicsThe yellow browed bulbul was originally described in the genus Trichophorus (a synonym for Criniger) in 1839 by T. C. Jerdon on the basis of specimens from the Wynaad region and given the original binomial (or protonym) of Trichophorus indicus. Formerly, the yellow-browed bulbul was classified in the genus Iole as two separate species but a study[2] determined that this species is exceptional and it is now placed in the monotypic genus Acritillas.[3][3][4] Some authorities have included the yellow-browed bulbul in the genus Hypsipetes but a 2018 molecular phylogenetic study indicated the nearest relative as Hemixos flavala.[5] SubspeciesThree subspecies are currently recognized:[6][7]
DescriptionThis bulbul is about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, lacks a crest and has the upperparts olive green with a prominent yellow brow and goggle with the underparts being all yellow. The sexes do not differ in plumage. The bill is black and the iris is reddish brown. The population in the northern Western Ghats (ssp. icterica) is paler yellow than the populations further south (ssp. indica). A somewhat disjunct population is found in the Eastern Ghats. Southwestern Sri Lankan populations (ssp. gugliemi) are greener while the northern populations are included in the nominate subspecies.[7][8] Distribution and habitatThe yellow-browed bulbul has been considered as the wet-zone counterpart of the dry-zone white-browed bulbul.[3] It is found mainly below the forest canopy of the hill forests and plantations in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. They also occur in parts of the Eastern Ghats including the Kolli hills,[9] Nallamalas and parts of Tirupathi and Mamandur regions in Andhra Pradesh.[10][11] Behaviour and ecologyYellow-browed bulbuls are found in pairs or small groups and call loudly. They feed mainly on berries and insects. The breeding season is during the dry spell before the monsoons, mainly January to May. The nest is a cup built in a low fork covered with moss and cobwebs on the outside, giving the appearance of a large white-eye nest,[3] and lined with fine root fibres.[8] The typical clutch size in India is three eggs and in Sri Lanka is two. A study of 153 nests in Silent Valley National Park of India found 92% of nests had two eggs.[20] Peak breeding in the Silent Valley National Park of Kerala was found in January and February.[12] About a week is taken for building the nest and the eggs are incubated for about 13 days. The eggs are pale pink or white with reddish brown speckling.[13] The eggs hatch synchronously and the nestlings fledge after about 13 days.[12] Nestlings are fed with caterpillars, soft insects and berries.[3] References{{Commons category|Acritillas indica}}1. ^{{Cite journal | author = BirdLife International | title = Acritillas indica | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2016 | page = e.T22713173A94363317 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2016 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22713173/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713173A94363317.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1305365}}{{DEFAULTSORT:bulbul, yellow-browed}}2. ^{{cite journal|author1=Dickinson, E.C. |author2=Gregory, S.M.S. |lastauthoramp=yes | title= Systematic notes on Asian birds. 24. On the priority of the name Hypsipetes Vigors, 1831, and the division of the broad genus of that name| journal=Zool. Verh. Leiden |volume=340 |year=2002 |pages=75–91| url= http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46722}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |author1=Ali, S |author2=Ripley, SD |lastauthoramp=yes | year=1996|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6|edition=2| pages=104–107| publisher=Oxford University Press|place= New Delhi}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1|pages=283–284|url= https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/283/mode/1up| publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London| author=Oates, EW|year=1889}} 5. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/ibi.12580|last1=Fuchs|first1=Jérôme|last2=Pasquet|first2=Eric|last3=Stuart|first3=Bryan L|last4=Woxvold|first4=Iain A|last5=Duckworth|first5=J. W|last6=Bowie|first6=Rauri C. K|title=Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic Bare-faced Bulbul Pycnonotus hualon with description of a new genus|journal=Ibis|volume=160|issue=3|pages=659|year=2018}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/|title=Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List|website=www.worldbirdnames.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-01}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds91960pete#page/289/mode/1up|pages=289–290| year=1960| place= Cambridge, Massachusetts| title=Check-list of birds of the World. Volume IX.| editor1=Ernst Mayr Ernst |editor2=James C. Greenway, Jr. |last-author-amp=yes |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=Anderton, JC |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|pages=341–342|publisher= Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington, DC and Barcelona}} 9. ^{{cite journal|author= Karthikeyan, S |year=1997| title= Yellowbrowed Bulbul Hypsipetes indicus (Jerdon) in the Kolli Hills (Tamil Nadu), Eastern Ghats| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 94|issue=3|pages=570–571|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48601948}} 10. ^{{cite journal|author1=Srinivasulu, C |author2=Rao, V Vasudeva |year=2000|title=Occurrence of the Yellowbrowed Bulbul Hypsipetes indicus (Jerdon) in the Nalamalla Hills, Andhra Pradesh|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 144–145|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48567570}} 11. ^{{cite journal|author=Santharam, V| year=1991|title= Yellowbrowed Bulbul Hypsipetes indicus (Jerdon) in the Eastern Ghats|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume =88| issue=2|pages=287–288|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673709 }} 12. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author=Balakrishnan, Peroth| year=2009| title= Breeding ecology and nest-site selection of yellow-browed bulbul Iole indica in Western Ghats, India| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=106| issue=2| pages=176–183|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48379183 }} 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Volume 1|edition=2|pages= 405–406|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/405/mode/1up|year=1922| author=Baker, EC Stuart|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London}} 5 : Pycnonotidae|Bulbuls|Birds of South India|Birds of Sri Lanka|Birds described in 1839 |
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