“Yibna”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Based on written sources and archaeology, the history of Yavneh/Jabneh/Yibna goes back to the Iron Age and possibly to the Bronze Age. The Hebrew Bible mentions Yavneh repeatedly, as does Josephus. For more see Yavne.

The harbour of Javneh

The harbour of ancient Yavneh has been identified on the coast at Minet Rubin (Arabic) or Yavne-Yam (Hebrew), where excavations have revealed fortification going back to the Bronze Age Hyksos.^[7] It has been in use from the Middle Bronze Age until the 12th century CE, when it was abandoned.^[8] For more see Yavne-Yam.

Early Islamic period

The Islamic historian al-Baladhuri (died 892 CE) mentioned Yibna as one of ten towns in Jund Filastin conquered by the Rashidun army led by 'Amr ibn al-'As in the early 7th century.^[9]

Also in the 9th century, Ya'qubi (died 897/8 CE) wrote that Yubna was an ancient city built on a hill that was inhabited by Samaritans.^[10]

In 2007, remains ranging from the Early Islamic period until the British Mandate period were uncovered.^[12] An additional kiln, and part of a commercial/industrial area were uncovered at the west of the tell in 2009.^[15]

Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

The Crusaders called the city Ibelin and built a castle there in 1141.Two excavation seasons led by Professor Dan Bahat starting in 2005 revealed the main gate.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Its namesake noble family, the house of Ibelin, was important in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and later in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Ibelin was captured by Saladin in 1187. Salvage excavations at the west of the tell unearthed a stash of 53 Crusader coins of the 12th and 13th centuries.^[13]

Ibelin's parish church was transformed into a mosque, to which a minaret was added during the Mamluk period in 1337. The minaret survives until today, while the mosque (the former Crusader church) was blown up by the IDF in 1950.^[14]^[15]

Ottoman period

In 1596, Yibna was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza under the liwa' (district) of Gaza with a population of 129 households, an estimated 710 persons, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, summer crops, sesame seeds and fruits, as well as goats, beehives and vineyards; a total of 34,000 Akçe. 16/24 of the revenue went to a waqf.^[17]

In 1799, it was noted on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled that year, named Ebneh.^[18]

An American missionary, William Thomson, who visited Yibna in 1834, described it as a village on hill inhabited by 3,000 Muslim residents who worked in agriculture. He wrote that an inscription on the mosque indicated that it had been built in 1386, while Denys Pringle indicates 1337 as the construction year of the minaret.^[14]^[19]^[20] In 1838, Yebna was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.^[21]^[22]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Jebna had a population of 1042, in 348 houses, though the population count included men, only.^[23]^[24]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Yibna as a large village partly built of stone and situated on a hill. It had olive trees and corn to the north, and gardens nearby.^[25]

British Mandate

In 1921, an elementary school for boys was founded in Yibna. By 1941-42 it had 445 students. A school for girls was founded in 1943, and by 1948 it had 44 students.^[26]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yebna had a population of 1,791 inhabitants; all Muslims,^[27] increasing in the 1931 census to 3,600 inhabitants; 2 Jews, 7 Christians, 1 Bahai, and 3,590 Muslims, in a total of 794 houses.^[28]

In 1941, Kibbutz Yavne was established nearby by refugees from Germany, followed by a Youth Aliyah village, Givat Washington, in 1946.^[5]

In 1944-45 the village had a population of 5,420; 5,400 Muslims and 20 Christians,^[3] while the total land area was 59,554 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.^[29]

In addition there were 1,500 nomads living around the village.^[5] A total of 6,468 dunums of village land was used for citrus and bananas, 15,124 dunums were used for cereals, 11,091 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 25 dunums were planted with olive trees,^[5]^[30] while 127 dunams were classified as built-up, urban areas.^[31]

1948 and aftermath

Yibna was in the territory allotted to the Jewish state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan.^[32] In mid-March 1948, a contingent of Iraqi soldiers moved into the village. In a Haganah reprisal on March 30, two dozen villagers were killed.{{cn|date=August 2018}} On April 21, the village commander was arrested by the British authorities for the drunken shooting of two Arabs.^[33]

During the Arab-Israeli war, residents of Zarnuqa sought refuge in Yibna, but left after the villagers accused them of being traitors.^[34]

On 27 May, following the fall of Al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa, most of the population of Yibna fled to Isdud, but armed males were refused entry. On 5 June, when Israeli troops arrived, they found the village almost deserted apart from a few old people who were ordered to leave.^[34]

After 1948, a number of Israeli villages were founded on Yibna land: Kfar HaNagid and Beit Gamliel in 1949, Ben Zakai in 1950, Kfar Aviv (originally: "Kfar HaYeor") in 1951, Tzofiyya in 1955.^[35] According to Walid Khalidi, a railroad crosses the village. The old mosque and minaret, together with a shrine can still be seen, and some of the old houses are inhabited by Jewish and Arab families.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Archaeological excavations have revealed that part of the pre-1948 Arab village at Yibna was built on top of a Byzantine-period cemetery and refuse pits.^[36]

Cultural references

Palestinian artist Sliman Mansour made Yibna the subject of one of his paintings. The work, named for the village, was one of a series of four on destroyed Palestinian villages that he produced in 1988 in order to resist the cancellation of Palestinian history; the others being Yalo, Imwas and Bayt Dajan.^[37]

Notable residents

See also

References

1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/277/mode/1up 277]
2. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR19 xix], village #255. Also gives the cause(s) for depopulation
3. ^¹Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 30
4. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], settlement #75
5. ^¹²³Khalidi, 1992, p.421
6. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA255 255]
7. ^Negev, and Gibson, 2001, p. 253
8. ^Archeology in Israel - Yavne Yam
9. ^The conquered towns included "Ghazzah (Gaza), Sabastiyah (Samaria), Nabulus (Shechem), Kaisariyyah (Cæsarea), Ludd (Lydda), Bayt Jibrin, Amwas (Emmaus), Yafa (Joppa), Rafah, and Yibna. (Bil. 138), quoted in Le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/28/mode/1up p. 28]
10. ^¹Le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/553/mode/1up p. 553]
11. ^Muk.176, quoted in Le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/553/mode/1up p. 553]
12. ^Volynsky, 2009, Tel Yavne Final Report
13. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3697876,00.html |script-title=he:מטמון נדיר נמצא בחפירות ארכיאולוגיות בתל יבנה |trans-title=Rare Treasure Found in Excavations at Tel Yavne |language=Hebrew |publisher=Ynet.co.il (local) |first=Ilanit |last=Shimron |date=2009-04-06 |accessdate=2010-08-08}}
14. ^¹²Pringle, 1998, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA378 378]-384
15. ^[Raz Kletter, Irit Ziffer, Wolfgang Zwickel. "Yavneh I: The Excavation of the 'Temple Hill' Repository Pit and the Cult Stands." Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica (OBOSA), Book 30. Academic Press Fribourg, Switzerland ({{ISBN|978-3-7278-1667-3}}) and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen ({{ISBN|978-3-525-54361-0}}). 2010. Pages 2-13 ]
16. ^Mayer et al., (1950:22); Cited in Petersen, 2002, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 313]
17. ^Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 421
18. ^Karmon, 1960, p. 171
19. ^Thompson (1880), I:145-49. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.421
20. ^see also [https://books.google.com/books?id=2DUHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=toc&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PRA3-PA638,M1 p 638] in W. M. Thomson (1861): [https://books.google.com/books?id=2DUHAAAAQAAJ The Land and the Book; Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land]
21. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]
22. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n39/mode/1up 22]
23. ^Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/155/mode/1up 155]
24. ^Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n941/mode/1up 133], noted 292 houses
25. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/414/mode/1up 414]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 421
26. ^Khalidi, 1992, p.421
27. ^Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n10/mode/1up 8]
28. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 6].
29. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 68
30. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 117
31. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 167
32. ^{{Cite web|title=Map of UN Partition Plan |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2009-02-09 |url=http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124212115/http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif |archivedate=January 24, 2009 }}
33. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA259 259]
34. ^¹Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA258 258-59]
35. ^Khalidi, 1992, p. 423
36. ^Buchennino, 2007, Yavne
37. ^Ankori, 2006, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X_Q6FX0YFVwC&pg=PA82 82]: 'Another series of four works from 1988 relates explicitly to the lost homeland through the titles given to each work by the artist. Mansour named each composition (Yalo, Beit Dajan, Emmwas, Yibna) after a Palestinian village that had been destroyed by Israel since its establishment in 1948. Thus, art became a way of resisting the eradication of Palestinian history and geography,’.

History

Pre-Islamic periods