| 词条 | Yining | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Yining | official_name = Yining City {{native name|zh|伊宁市}} {{native name|ug|غۇلجا شەھىرى}} {{native name|kk|قۇلجا قالاسى}} | native_name = {{native name|zh|伊宁}} {{native name|ug|غۇلجا}} {{native name|kk|قۇلجا}} | other_name = | settlement_type = County-level city | pushpin_map = Xinjiang | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Xinjiang | pushpin_mapsize = | | coordinates = {{coord|43|55|N|81|19|E|region:CN-65|display=inline,title}} | image_skyline = Yining.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Town square in Yining (Gulja) in July 2005 | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Xinjiang | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous prefecture | subdivision_name2 = Ili (Kazakh) | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | total_type = | unit_pref = | area_magnitude = |area_urban_footnotes = (2018)[1] | area_total_km2 = 629 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 49 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 542,507 | population_as_of = 2015 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 345,000 | population_urban_footnotes = (2018)[3] | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_note = | timezone1 = China Standard{{efn|Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6, 2 hours behind Beijing.}} | utc_offset1 = +8 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 835000 | area_code_type = | area_code = 0999 | website = {{Official website|http://www.zgyn.gov.cn/}} | footnotes = }}{{Infobox Chinese |t = {{lang|zh|伊寧}} |s = {{lang|zh|伊宁}} |p = {{transl|zh|Yīníng}} |w = {{transl|zh|I1-ning2}} |c2 = {{lang|zh|固勒扎}} |p2 = {{transl|zh|Gùlèzhā}} |w2 = {{transl|zh|Ku4-lê4-cha1}} |mnc = {{lang|mnc|{{MongolUnicode|ᡤᡡᠯᠵᠠ|v}}}} |mnc_a = {{transl|mnc|Gvlja}} |mnc_v = {{transl|mnc|Gūlja}} |mon = {{lang|mn|Хулж}} |mong = {{lang|mn|ᠬᠤᠯᠵᠠ}} |rus = {{lang|ru|Кульджа}} |rusr = {{transl|ru|Kuldzha}} |tib = {{lang|bo|གུལ་ཅ}} |wylie = {{transl|bo|gul ca}} |thdl = |zwpy = |lhasa = |uig = {{lang|ug|غۇلجا}} |uly = {{lang|ug|Ghulja}} |uyy = {{lang|ug|Ƣulja}} |sgs = {{transl|ug|Ĝulja}} |usy = {{lang|ug|Ғулҗа}} |lang1 = Kazak(h) |lang1_content = {{lang|kk|قۇلجا}} {{lang|kk|Құлжа}} |lang2 = Oirat |lang2_content = {{lang|xwo|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡇᠯᠴᠠ|v}}}} |lang3 = Chagatai |lang3_content = {{lang|chg|غولجا}} |order = st }} Yining[4] ({{zh |s = 伊宁}}), also known as Ghulja ({{ug|غۇلجا}}) or Qulja ({{lang-kk|قۇلجا}}, Qulja),{{efn|Alternate spellings: Ĝulja, Gulja, Kuldja and Kulja.}} and formerly Ningyuan ({{zh|t=寧遠|labels=no}}) is a county-level city in northwestern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, and the seat of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Historically, Yining is the successor to the ruined city of Almaliq in neighbouring Huocheng County. Area and populationThe city of Yining is a county-level administrative unit located along Ili River. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 542,507, with a total land area of {{convert|629|km2|abbr=on}}.[5] It is the most populous city in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. The land area and population of the City of Yining saw an increase in 2003; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} of land from the adjacent Yining County, which is a separate administrative unit from the city. HistoryNote on historical place namesFrom 13-15th century it was under the control of Chagatai Khanate known as Mughulistan empire with its capital Almaligh, Turpan, Tashkent, Yarkent and Kashgar. Another Mongul empire—the Zunghar Khanate—established around Ili area. In the 19th and early 20th century, the word Kuldja or Ghulja was often used in Russia and in the West as the name for the entire Chinese part of the Ili River basin as well as for its two main cities. The usage of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica is fairly characteristic: it defines Kulja as a "territory in north-west China" bounded by the Russian border and the mountains that surround the Ili basin, and it talks about two major cities of the region:[6]
Until the 1860s Huiyuan to the south of Suiding was the regional capital. Qing dynastyThe fort of Ningyuan ({{zh|t=寧遠城|labels=no}}) was built in 1762 to accommodate new settlers from southern Xinjiang. The forts of Huining ({{zh|t=惠寧城|labels=no}}) and Xichun ({{zh|t=熙春城|labels=no}}) built later in 1765 and 1780 were also located within the modern Yining City. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Kulja 1851 opened the area for trade. In 1864-66, the city suffered severely from fighting during the Dungan Revolt. The city and the rest of the Ili River basin were seized by the Russians in 1871 during Yakub Beg's independent rule of Kashgaria. It was restored to the Chinese under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881). In 1888 the Ningyuan County was established. The Geographical Magazine in 1875 by Sir Clements Robert Markham stated:
Republic of ChinaIn 1914 the Ningyuan County was renamed Yining County to avoid confusion with other places in China named Ningyuan. During the Ili Rebellion, the Chinese Muslim officer Liu Bin Di engaged in combat against Soviet backed Turkic Muslim rebels, and was killed in action in November 1944 in Yining (Gulja).[8] People's RepublicYining became a separate city from Yining County in 1952. In 1962, major Sino-Soviet clashes{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} took place along the Ili River. In 1997, in what came to be known as the Gulja Incident or massacre, the city was rocked by two days of demonstrations or riots[9] followed by a government crack down resulting in at least 9 deaths following the execution of 30 Uighur activists.[10] Geography{{climate chart| Yining (Gulja) | -15.0 | -2.1 | 18 | -12.2 | .2 | 19 | - 2.5 | 9.0 | 20 | 5.8 | 20.4 | 28 | 10.2 | 24.8 | 27 | 14.0 | 28.5 | 29 | 15.8 | 31.0 | 20 | 14.1 | 30.4 | 14 | 9.3 | 25.8 | 15 | 2.9 | 18.0 | 26 | - 2.8 | 8.7 | 28 | - 9.5 | 1.3 | 25 |float = right |clear = none |source = CMA [11] }} Yining is located on the northern side of the Ili River in the Dzungarian basin, about {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} east of the border with Kazakhstan, and about {{convert|710|km|abbr=on}} west of Ürümqi. The Ili River valley is far wetter than most of Xinjiang and has rich grazing land. The City of Yining borders on Huocheng County in the west and the Yining County in the east; across the river in the south is Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County. ClimateYining (Gulja) has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), without the strong variation in seasonal precipitation seen across most of China. Dry and sunny weather dominates year-round. Winters are cold, with a January average of {{convert|-8.8|°C|1}}. Yet the influence of the Dzungarian Altau to the northwest and Boroboro Mountains to the northeast helps keep the city warmer than more easterly locales on a similar latitude. Summers are hot, with a July average of {{convert|23.1|°C|1}}. Diurnal temperature ranges tend to be large from April to October. The annual mean temperature is {{convert|8.98|°C|1}}. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in December to 73% in August and September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,834 hours of bright sunshine annually. {{Weather box|location = Yining (Gulja) (1971–2000) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high C = −2.1 |Feb high C = 0.2 |Mar high C = 9.0 |Apr high C = 20.4 |May high C = 24.8 |Jun high C = 28.5 |Jul high C = 31.0 |Aug high C = 30.4 |Sep high C = 25.8 |Oct high C = 18.0 |Nov high C = 8.7 |Dec high C = 1.3 |Jan low C = −15.0 |Feb low C = −12.2 |Mar low C = −2.5 |Apr low C = 5.8 |May low C = 10.2 |Jun low C = 14.0 |Jul low C = 15.8 |Aug low C = 14.1 |Sep low C = 9.3 |Oct low C = 2.9 |Nov low C = −2.8 |Dec low C = −9.5 |year high C = 16.3 |year low C = 2.5 |year high F = 61.4 |year low F = 36.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 17.9 |Feb precipitation mm = 19.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 20.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 28.0 |May precipitation mm = 27.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 28.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 20.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 14.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 14.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 26.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 27.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 25.0 |Jan humidity = 78 |Feb humidity = 78 |Mar humidity = 70 |Apr humidity = 55 |May humidity = 58 |Jun humidity = 59 |Jul humidity = 56 |Aug humidity = 54 |Sep humidity = 57 |Oct humidity = 66 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 78 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 8.1 |Feb precipitation days = 7.6 |Mar precipitation days = 8.1 |Apr precipitation days = 7.6 |May precipitation days = 8.6 |Jun precipitation days = 9.1 |Jul precipitation days = 8.1 |Aug precipitation days = 6.2 |Sep precipitation days = 4.4 |Oct precipitation days = 6.7 |Nov precipitation days = 7.4 |Dec precipitation days = 8.3 |Jan sun = 159.7 |Jan percentsun = 56 |Feb sun = 170.9 |Feb percentsun = 58 |Mar sun = 213.8 |Mar percentsun = 58 |Apr sun = 252.2 |Apr percentsun = 63 |May sun = 291.5 |May percentsun = 64 |Jun sun = 299.6 |Jun percentsun = 65 |Jul sun = 327.4 |Jul percentsun = 70 |Aug sun = 316.0 |Aug percentsun = 73 |Sep sun = 274.8 |Sep percentsun = 73 |Oct sun = 213.8 |Oct percentsun = 68 |Nov sun = 168.6 |Nov percentsun = 58 |Dec sun = 145.7 |Dec percentsun = 53 |year percentsun= 64 |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration [11] }} Administrative divisionsThe administrative divisions of Yining include eight subdistricts, two towns, and seven townships (the below names are pinyin transcriptions may not necessarily be the official names):[12]
EconomyThe city's nominal GDP was approximately 20.9 billion RMB (US$3.1 billion) as of 2015 with an annual increase of 7.6%.The nominal GDP per capita was approximately 38,805 RMB(US$5976).[13] Yining is the chief city and the agricultural and commercial center of the Ili valley. It is an old commercial center trading in tea and cattle, and it is still an agricultural area with extensive livestock raising. It has fruit orchards. Iron, coal, and uranium are mined nearby. Transportation
CultureIli Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Museum, opened in Yining in 2004, is one of Xinjiang's most important museums. In fact, at the time it opened it became, in the words of a Western scholar, the "only modern museum" in Xinjiang. (Xinjiang of course also has the provincial museum in Ürümqi; but at that time point, its old building had been demolished, while its replacement was still under construction). The museum houses archaeological and ethnological artefacts from throughout the prefecture.[17] Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=W|publisher=Demographia|year=2018|isbn=|location=St. Louis|pages=88}} 2. ^{{cite web |title = National Data |url = http://www.ahmhxc.com/tongjigongbao/3275_4.html |accessdate = 20 April 2016}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=W|publisher=Demographia|year=2018|isbn=|location=St. Louis|pages=88}} 4. ^The official spelling according to {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōngguó dìmínglù}} {{lang|zh-hans|中国地名录}} (Beijing, SinoMaps Press {{lang|zh-hans|中国地图出版社}} 1997); {{ISBN|7-5031-1718-4}} 5. ^{{cite web |title = Yining: Bulletin for economical and social development in 2015 |url = http://www.ahmhxc.com/tongjigongbao/3275_4.html |accessdate = 20 April 2016}} 6. ^[https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri15chisrich#page/942/mode/2up "Kulja" in Encyclopædia Britannica 1911, e.g] 7. ^{{cite book|author=Sir Clements Robert Markham|title=The Geographical Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo7pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1875|publisher=Trübner & Company|pages=176–}} 8. ^{{cite journal |url = https://books.google.com/books?ei=rs-PTPXyL4G0lQf-s5zcDw&ct=result&id=4J0uAAAAIAAJ&dq=Liu+Bin+di%27s+mission%2C+however+was&q=Liu+Bin+di%27s+mission%2C+hi |title = Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume = 4-5 |author = Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs |year = 1982 |publisher = King Abdulaziz University |location = |page = 299 |accessdate = 2010-06-28}} 9. ^"Xinjiang to intensify crackdown on separatists", China Daily, 10/25/2001 10. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RUCOrg2Pb0 1997 Channel 4 UK report which can be seen here] 11. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |title = 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） |publisher = China Meteorological Administration |accessdate = 2010-05-23 }} 12. ^http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/65/40/654002.html 13. ^{{cite news |url=http://zsyz.sei.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=263642 |title=Bulletin for the economy and society development in 2015 |accessdate=May 6, 2010}} 14. ^Xingjiang’s first electrified railway rails laid 2009-09-17 15. ^Tickets of train from Urumqi to Yining put on sale (2010-06-22) 16. ^Xinjiang's first electrified railway passenger train (2010-07-07) 17. ^A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI. CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER, No. 3, September 2005 External links{{Commonscat|Yining}}
3 : Populated places in Xinjiang|Populated places along the Silk Road|Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture |
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