| 词条 | Yinz |
| 释义 |
History and usageYinz is the most recent derivation from the original Scots-Irish form you ones or "yous ones", a form of the second person plural commonly heard in parts of Ulster. When standard-English speakers talk in the first person or third person, they use different pronouns to distinguish between singular and plural. In the first person, for example, speakers use the singular I and the plural we. But when speaking in the second person, you performs double duty as both the singular form and the plural form. Crozier (1984) suggests that during the 19th century, when many Irish speakers switched to speaking English, they filled this gap with you ones, primarily because Irish has a singular second-person pronoun, tú, as well as a plural form, sibh. The following, therefore, is the most likely path from you ones to yinz: you ones {{IPA|[juː wʌnz]}} > you'uns {{IPA|[juːʌnz]}} > youns {{IPA|[juːnz]}} > yunz {{IPA|[jʌnz]}} > yinz {{IPA|[jɪ̈nz]}}. Because there are still speakers who use each form,[2] there is no stable second-person plural pronoun form in southwest or central Pennsylvania, which is why the pronoun is variably referred to or spelled as you'uns, y'ins, y'uns, yunz, yuns, yinz, yenz, yins or ynz. In other parts of the U.S., Irish or Scots-Irish speakers encountered the same gap in the second-person plural. For this reason, these speakers are also responsible for coining the yunz used in and around Middletown, Pennsylvania, as well as the youse found mainly in New York City, the Philadelphia dialect and New Jersey, and the ubiquitous y'all of the South.[3] A similar form with similar Irish/Scots roots is found further north in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Rarely written, it is spelled yous, and is usually pronounced as {{IPA|[jɪ̈z]}} or something between {{IPA|[jɪ̈z]}} and {{IPA|[jʊ̈z]}}. It is sometimes combined with all for emphasis, as in "Are yous all coming to the party?" This usage is also used widely within Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. In popular cultureYinz{{'s}} place as one of Pittsburgh's most famous regionalisms makes it both a badge of pride and a way to show self-deprecation. For example, a group of Pittsburgh area radical cheerleaders call themselves "Yinz Cheer," and an area literary magazine is The New Yinzer, a take-off of The New Yorker. A DJ crew of Philadelphia-based Pittsburgh ex-pats bills itself as Philadelphyinz. Those perceived to be stereotypical blue collar Pittsburghers are often referred to as Yinzers. Yinztagram is a software program with a Pittsburgh theme.[4]YinzCam is a Pittsburgh-based software development company.[5]YinzFans.com is a Fan site for Pittsburgh sports fans located outside of the Pittsburgh area. At the end of every episode of "VH-1's Top 20 Countdown" host Jim Shearer always says "I'm Jim Shearer, and i'll see yinz later." In the TV series, “One Dollar” (2018) set in a rust belt town (shot in and around Pittsburgh) the Yinz address is frequently used. See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|last=Rehder|first=John B.|title=Appalachian folkways|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8018-7879-4|oclc=52886851|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MU-43z3ZiToC&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=%22you+ones%22+appalachia#v=onepage&q=You%27ns&f=false}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2011/02/13/Is-yunz-is-or-is-yinz-ain-t-from-Pittsburgh/stories/201102130223 |title=Is yunz is or is yinz ain't from Pittsburgh? |author=Richard "Pete" Peterson |date=February 13, 2011 |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=August 19, 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/yall-youuns-yinz-youse-how-regional-dialects-are-fixing-standard-english |title=Y’all, You’uns, Yinz, Youse: How Regional Dialects Are Fixing Standard English: The real enemy? "You guys." |last=Nosowitz |first=Dan |date=October 13, 2016 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=English |access-date=August 31, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web| title =Yinztagram By Pegula | work =iTunes Store | publisher =Apple Inc. | date =2012 | url =https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/yinztagram/id551110367?mt=8 | accessdate =December 13, 2012 }} 5. ^{{cite news | title =YinzTech | newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date =December 20, 2009 | url =http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2009/12/20/Next-Page-Shake-Things-Up-2-0.html | accessdate = January 12, 2014}} References
Further reading
External links{{commonscat}}
4 : English-language slang|Modern English personal pronouns|Culture of Pittsburgh|Second-person plural pronouns in English |
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