“Young County, Texas”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Brazos Indian Reservation, founded by General Randolph B. Marcy in 1854, provided a safety area from warring Comanche for Delaware, Shawnee, Tonkawa, Wichita, Choctaw, and Caddo. Within the reservation, each tribe had its own village and cultivated agricultural crops. Government-contracted beef cattle were delivered each week. Citizens were unable to distinguish between reservation and nonreservation tribes, blaming Comanche and Kiowa depredations on the reservation Indians. A newspaper in Jacksboro, Texas, titled The White Man advocated removal of all tribes from North Texas.^[5]^[6]

During December 1858, Choctaw Tom, who was a Yowani married to a Hasinai woman, who was at times an interpreter to Sam Houston, and a group of reservation Indians received permission for an off-the-reservation hunt. On December 27, Captain Peter Garland and a vigilante group charged Choctaw Tom’s camp, indiscriminately murdering and injuring women and children along with the men. .^[7]

Governor Hardin Richard Runnels^[8] ordered John Henry Brown^[9] to the area with 100 troops. An examining trial was conducted about the Choctaw Tom raid, but no indictments resulted. May 1859, John Baylor^[10] and a number of whites confronted United States troops at the reservation, demanding the surrender of certain tribal individuals. The military balked, and Baylor retreated, but in so doing killed an Indian woman and an old man. Baylor’s group was later attacked by Indians off the reservation, where the military had no authority to intervene.

In May 1871, Kiowa medicine man Satank (Sitting Bear),^[11] and Kiowa chiefs Satanta (White Bear),^[12] Addo-etta (Big Tree)^[13] and Maman-ti (Skywalker)^[14] led a force of over 100 Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa-Apaches, Arapaho, and Cheyenne warriors from the Oklahoma Fort Sill Reservation into Texas. On May 18, the Indians attacked a wagon train belonging to Henry Warren, killing all but the five who escaped. Commanding General of the United States Army William Tecumseh Sherman, personally arrested Satank, Satanta, and Big Tree at Fort Sill and had them tried in civil court in Jacksboro. Satank was killed in an attempted escape, and others were found guilty and sentenced to hang. Their sentences were commuted by Governor Edmund J. Davis at the request of a group of Quakers, and they were later paroled. The incident^[15] was a key element that led to the Red River War.

Explorers and settlers

Spanish explorer Diego Ortiz Parrilla^[16] the county en route to the Taovaya Indian Village on Red River. Pedro Vial came through the region in 1789 while charting the Santa Fe Trail.

The county was included in the 1841 Republic of Texas empresario Peters Colony land grant.^[17] The Young County portion of the grant remained unsettled until the 1850s.

In 1851, Bvt. Brig. Gen. William G. Belknap founded the United States Army Fort Belknap.^[18] The fort was surrendered to the Confederacy in 1861, and reoccupied by federal troops in 1867. John and Will Peveler^[19] established a ranch 2 mi (3 km) below Fort Belknap, becoming the first settlers.

County established

Young County was established by the Texas Legislature in 1856 from Bosque and Fannin Counties and organized later that same year. Belknap became the county seat. Many of the citizens abandoned the area during the American Civil War due to Indian depredations. In 1865, the county's government was dissolved, and the county records were transferred to Jacksboro. The county was reorganized in 1874, and the county records were brought back from Jacksboro. This time, the new town of Graham, platted in 1873, was chosen as the county seat.

Gustavus and Edwin Graham began the town of Graham^[20] in 1872, and opened the saltworks in 1869. An 1876 area rancher meeting in Graham, regarding cattle rustling, became the beginnings of what is now known as the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association. In 1891, a group of investors formed the Graham Mining Company in hopes of mining gold, silver, and coal in the area.

Between 1874 and 1910, railroad lines contributed to the county economy and facilitated transportation, including the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railway,^[21] the Wichita Falls and Southern,^[22] and the Gulf, Texas and Western Railroad.

Federal programs came to the assistance of farmers and ranchers during the Great Depression. The Work Projects Administration restored old Fort Belknap in 1936. In the 1930s, Young County also joined 65 other counties to form the Brazos River Conservation and Reclamation District.^[23] Oil exploration and production opened the 20th century, and had Lindy Lou No. 1 well come in. Actual production of petroleum began in 1920, and boom towns sprang up around the county. By 1990 - {{convert|3431000|oilbbl}} had been produced.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of {{convert|931|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|914|sqmi}} are land and {{convert|16|sqmi}} (1.8%) are covered by water.^[24]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Demographics

As of the census^[28] of 2000, 17,943 people, 7,167 households, and 5,081 families resided in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km²). The 8,504 housing units averaged 9 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 90.98% White, 1.21% Black, 0.64% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.28% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. About 10.62% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 7,167 households, 30.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.00% were married couples living together, 9.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.10% were not families. Around 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94.

A Williams Institute analysis of 2010 census data found about 2.6 same-sex couples per 1,000 households were in the county.^[29]

In the county, the population was distributed as 25.00% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 24.70% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 19.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,499, and for a family was $36,698. Males had a median income of $30,257 versus $19,441 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,710. About 12.00% of families and 15.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.00% of those under age 18 and 12.90% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48503.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=December 29, 2013}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=May 31, 2011 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/TX_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm|title=Texas: Individual County Chronologies|work=Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries|publisher=The Newberry Library|date=2008|accessdate=May 27, 2015}}
4. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title =Young, William Cocke | url =https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fyo14 | encyclopedia =The Handbook of Texas Online | publisher =The Texas State Historical Association |accessdate=2009-05-27}}
5. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Brazos Indian Reservation | id= bpb03| author=Crouch, Carrie J| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
6. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=White Man | id= eew11| author=Minor, David| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
7. ^{{cite web | title=Choctaw Tom | publisher=Fort Tours |url= http://www.forttours.com/pages/choctawtom.asp|accessdate=5 May 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web | title=Texas Governor Harden Richard Runnels | publisher=State of Texas |url= http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40009/tsl-40009.html|accessdate=5 May 2010}} Texas State Library and Archives Commission
9. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=John Henry Brown | id= fbr94| author=Baker, Erma| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
10. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=John Robert Baylor | id= fbaat| author=Thompson, Jerry| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
11. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Satank | id= fsa32| author=Hosmer, Brian C| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
12. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Satanta| id= fsa33| author=Hosmer, Brian C| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
13. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Addo-etta Big Tree | id= fbi07| author=Hosmer, Brian C| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
14. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Maman-ti | id= fmacz| author=Anderson, H. Allen | retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
15. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Warren Wagon Train Raid | id= btw03| author=Hamilton, Allen Lee| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
16. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Ortiz Parrilla, Diego, Red River Campaign | id= poo01| author=Weddle, Robert S| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
17. ^{{cite web | title=Young County Timeline| publisher=Peters Colony Historical Society of Dallas County, Texas |url= http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~txpchsdc/history/peters_colony.htm|accessdate=5 May 2010}}
18. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Fort Belknap| id=qbf02| author=Neighbours, Kenneth F| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
19. ^{{cite web | title=Young County Timeline| publisher=Young County TxGenWeb |url= http://txgenweb6.org/txyoung/history/timeline.html|accessdate=5 May 2010}}
20. ^{{cite web | title=Graham, Texas | publisher=Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. | url=http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasTowns/Graham-Texas.htm | accessdate=5 May 2010}} Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
21. ^{{cite web | title=CPI, Pac Railroad| publisher=American Rails |url= http://www.american-rails.com/chicago-rock-island-and-pacific.html|accessdate=5 May 2010}} American Rails
22. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Wichita Falls and Southern Railroad| id=eqwue| author=Anderson, H Allen| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
23. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Young County | id=hcy02| author=Leffler, John| retrieved=05 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_48.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 12, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=May 12, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/topics/ctypophistweb2010.pdf|title=Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010|publisher=Texas Almanac|accessdate=May 12, 2015}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-05-14|title=American FactFinder}}
29. ^{{citation |title=Where Same-Sex Couples Live|date=June 26, 2015|accessdate=July 6, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/27/upshot/supreme-court-gay-marriage-ruling-where-same-sex-couples-live.html?_r=0&abt=0002&abg=0|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Leonhardt|first1=David|last2=Quealy|first2=Kevin}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/interact/blog-post/adam-d-young/2013-07-16/state-rep-springer-announces-district-tour-july-30#.UefOvhUo45s|title=State Rep. Springer announces district tour July 30|publisher=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, July 16, 2013|accessdate=July 18, 2013}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|date=|website=uselectionatlas.org|accessdate=11 April 2018}}

History

Native Americans