| 词条 | Dopamine (medication) |
| 释义 |
| Watchedfields = changed | drug_name = Dopamine | verifiedrevid = 595793408 | image = Dopamine2.svg | alt = | image2 = Dopamine 3D ball.png | alt2 = | IUPAC_name=4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol | synonyms=2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone | tradename = Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine, others | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|dopamine-hydrochloride}} | pregnancy_US = C | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = | licence_US = Dopamine | legal_status = Rx-only | routes_of_administration= Intravenous injection | source_tissues = Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others | target_tissues = System-wide | receptors = D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, TAAR1[1] | agonists = Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine Indirect: cocaine, amphetamine | antagonists = Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = MAO, COMT,[1] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT | elimination_half-life = | excretion = Kidney | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = VTD58H1Z2X | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number =51-61-6 | CAS_supplemental ={{CAS|62-31-7}} (hydrochloride) | PubChem=681 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 59 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 661 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D07870 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00988 | IUPHAR_ligand = 940 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 18243 | SMILES = c1cc(c(cc1CCN)O)O | ATC_prefix = C01 | ATC_suffix = CA04 | C=8 | H=11 | N=1 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 153.18 g/mol | density = 1.26 | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = decomposes | melting_point = 128 | melting_notes = | solubility = }}Dopamine, sold under the brandname Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest.[2] In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.[3] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.[4][5] It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion.[2] Effects typically begin within five minutes.[2] Doses are then increased to effect.[2] Common side effects include worsening kidney function, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, headache, or anxiety.[2] If it enters into the soft tissue around the vein local tissue death may occur.[2] The medication phentolamine can be given to try to decrease this risk.[2] It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[2] At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine receptors and β1-adrenergic receptors while at high doses it works via α-adrenergic receptors.[2] Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[7] The wholesale cost in the developing world of a container of 400 mg is between $0.28 and $0.60 (USD) as of 2014.[8] In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.[9] Medical usesLow blood pressureIn newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.[3] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.[4][5] In those with low blood volume, this should be corrected with intravenous fluids before dopamine is considered.[2] Kidney functionLow-dosage dopamine has been routinely used for the treatment and prevention of acute kidney injury. However, since 1999 a number of reviews have concluded that doses at such low levels are not effective and may sometimes be harmful.[10][11] AdministrationSince the half-life of dopamine in plasma is short—approximately one minute in adults, two minutes in newborn babies and up to five minutes in preterm babies—it is usually given as a continuous intravenous drip rather than a single injection.[12] OtherA fluorinated form of L-DOPA known as fluorodopa is available for use in positron emission tomography to assess the function of the nigrostriatal pathway.[13] ContraindicationsDopamine should generally not be given to people who have a pheochromocytoma or uncorrected very fast heart rate.[2] Side effectsThe LD50, or dose which is expected to prove lethal in 50% of the population, has been found to be: 59 mg/kg (mouse; administered intravenously); 950 mg/kg (mouse; administered intraperitoneally); 163 mg/kg (rat; administered intraperitoneally); 79 mg/kg (dog; administered intravenously).[14] ExtravasationIf extravasation occurs local tissue death may result.[2] The medication phentolamine can be injected at the site to try to decrease the risk of tissue death.[2] Mechanism of actionIts effects, depending on dosage, include an increase in sodium excretion by the kidneys, an increase in urine output, an increase in heart rate, and an increase in blood pressure.[12] At low doses it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart muscle contraction force and heart rate, thereby increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.[32] Higher doses also cause vasoconstriction that further increases blood pressure.[15][16] While some effects result from stimulation of dopamine receptors, the prominent cardiovascular effects result from dopamine acting at α1, β1, and β2 adrenergic receptors.[17][18] References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Dopamine: Biological activity|url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940|work=IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology|publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|accessdate=29 January 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205041409/http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940|archivedate=5 February 2016|df=}} {{Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides}}{{Dopaminergics}}{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|title=Dopamine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dopamine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=June 29, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914161247/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dopamine-hydrochloride.html|archivedate=14 September 2016|df=}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Bhayat|first1=SI|last2=Gowda|first2=HM|last3=Eisenhut|first3=M|title=Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence.|journal=World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics|date=8 May 2016|volume=5|issue=2|pages=212–22|pmid=27170932|doi=10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212|pmc=4857235}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=De Backer|first1=D|last2=Aldecoa|first2=C|last3=Njimi|first3=H|last4=Vincent|first4=JL|title=Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*.|journal=Critical Care Medicine|date=March 2012|volume=40|issue=3|pages=725–30|pmid=22036860|doi=10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Dellinger|first1=RP|last2=Levy|first2=MM|last3=Rhodes|first3=A|last4=Annane|first4=D|last5=Gerlach|first5=H|last6=Opal|first6=SM|last7=Sevransky|first7=JE|last8=Sprung|first8=CL|last9=Douglas|first9=IS|last10=Jaeschke|first10=R|last11=Osborn|first11=TM|last12=Nunnally|first12=ME|last13=Townsend|first13=SR|last14=Reinhart|first14=K|last15=Kleinpell|first15=RM|last16=Angus|first16=DC|last17=Deutschman|first17=CS|last18=Machado|first18=FR|last19=Rubenfeld|first19=GD|last20=Webb|first20=SA|last21=Beale|first21=RJ|last22=Vincent|first22=JL|last23=Moreno|first23=R|last24=Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric|first24=Subgroup|title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.|journal=Critical Care Medicine|date=February 2013|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af}} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahn S | title = The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 23 Suppl 3 | issue = | pages = S497–508 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18781671 | doi = 10.1002/mds.22028|quote=According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Dopamine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=280&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=5 December 2015}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Millar|first1=Thomas|title=Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415299411|page=40|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=WywxhvLh1R8C&pg=PA40|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234209/https://books.google.ca/books?id=WywxhvLh1R8C&pg=PA40|archivedate=2016-08-15|df=}} 10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Karthik S, Lisbon A | title = Low-dose dopamine in the intensive care unit | journal = Seminars in Dialysis | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 465–71 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17150046 | doi = 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2006.00208.x }} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Power|first1=DA|last2=Duggan|first2=J|last3=Brady|first3=HR|title=Renal-dose (low-dose) dopamine for the treatment of sepsis-related and other forms of acute renal failure: ineffective and probably dangerous.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. Supplement|date=April 1999|volume=26|pages=S23–8|pmid=10386250}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bhatt-Mehta V, Nahata MC | title = Dopamine and dobutamine in pediatric therapy | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 303–14 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2682552 | doi=10.1002/j.1875-9114.1989.tb04142.x}} 13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Deng WP, Wong KA, Kirk KL | title = Convenient syntheses of 2-, 5- and 6-fluoro- and 2,6-difluoro-L-DOPA | journal = Tetrahedron: Asymmetry | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 1135–1140 | year = 2002 | month = | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00321-X}} 14. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Lewis RJ | year = 2004 |title=Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 11th Ed. |page=1552 |publisher=Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ. |isbn=978-0-471-47662-7}} 15. ^1 {{cite book | vauthors = Bronwen JB, Knights KM |title=Pharmacology for Health Professionals |edition=2nd |year=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Australia |isbn=978-0-7295-3929-6 |page=192}} 16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL | title = Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 9 | pages = 779–89 | year=2010 | pmid = 20200382 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118 }} 17. ^{{Cite web|title = Dopamine|url = http://www.fpnotebook.com/cv/pharm/Dpmn.htm|website = Family Practice Notebook|access-date = 1 February 2016|first = Scott|last = Moses|quote = Dopamine binds to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptors, dopamine increase heart rate and force, thereby increasing cardiac output. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in systemic vascular resistance|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201191128/http://www.fpnotebook.com/cv/pharm/Dpmn.htm|archivedate = 1 February 2016|df = }} 18. ^{{Cite book|title = Clinical Cardiology: Current Practice Guidelines|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YytoAgAAQBAJ|publisher = OUP Oxford|date = 19 September 2013|isbn = 9780191508516|language = en|first = Demosthenes G.|last = Katritsis|first2 = Bernard J.|last2 = Gersh|first3 = A. John|last3 = Camm|quote = Dopamine binds to beta-1, beta-2, alpha-1 and dopaminergic receptors.|page = 314|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160506100008/https://books.google.com/books?id=YytoAgAAQBAJ|archivedate = 6 May 2016|df = }} 5 : Dopamine agonists|Vasoconstrictors|Inotropic_agents|World Health Organization essential medicines|RTT |
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