| 词条 | Yucatán Peninsula |
| 释义 |
|name=Yucatán Peninsula |local_name= |image_name=File:Yucatan_peninsula_250m.jpg |image_caption=Satellite image of the Yucatán Peninsula |image_size=239px |image_alt= |map_image=Yucatan Peninsula.png |location = North America |waterbody = * Bay of Campeche (West)
|coordinates = {{coord|18|50|42|N|89|07|32|W|region:MX_dim:300km|display=inline,title}} |area_km2 = |highest_mount = |elevation_m = |Country_heading = |country = |country_admin_divisions_title = |country_admin_divisions = |country_admin_divisions_title_1 = |country_admin_divisions_1 = |country_1 = |country_1_admin_divisions_title = |country_1_admin_divisions = |density_km2 = |demonym = |population = |population_as_of= |ethnic_groups= |additional_info= }} The Yucatán Peninsula ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|j|uː|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|n}}; {{lang-es|Península de Yucatán}}), in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. It is approximately {{Cvt|181,000|km2|mi2}} in area, and is almost entirely composed of limestone.[1][2] EtymologyThe proper derivation of the word Yucatán is widely debated. Hernán Cortés, in the first of his letters to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, claimed that the name Yucatán comes from a misunderstanding. In this telling, the first Spanish explorers asked what the area was called and the response they received, "Yucatan", was a Yucatec Maya word meaning "I don't understand what you're saying."[2][3] Others claim that the source of the name is the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Yocatlān, "place of richness". {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} History{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}Pre-humanThe Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 miles) in diameter at the end of the Cretaceous Period.[4] Maya{{main article|Maya civilization}}The Yucatán Peninsula comprises a significant proportion of the ancient Maya lowlands (although the Maya culture extended south of the Yucatán Peninsula, through present Guatemala and into Honduras and highland Chiapas), and was the center of the Mayan civilization.[5] There are many Maya archaeological sites throughout the peninsula; some of the better-known are Chichen Itza, Coba, Tulum and Uxmal.[6] Indigenous Maya and Mestizos of partial Maya descent make up a sizable portion of the region's population, and Mayan languages are widely spoken there. Spanish conquest{{main article|Spanish conquest of Yucatán}}{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}Current administrationThe peninsula comprises the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo, as well as large parts of Belize and Guatemala's Petén Department.[7] EconomyIn the late historic and early modern eras, the Yucatán Peninsula was largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production area. Since the 1970s (and the fall of the world henequen and chicle markets due to the advent of synthetic substitutes), the Yucatán Peninsula has reoriented its economy towards tourism, especially in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Once a small fishing village, Cancún in the northeast of the peninsula has grown into a thriving city. The Riviera Maya, which stretches along the east coast of the peninsula between Cancún and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds. The best-known locations are the former fishing town of Playa del Carmen, the ecological parks Xcaret and Xel-Há and the Maya ruins of Tulum and Coba. GeologyThe peninsula is the exposed portion of the larger Yucatán Platform, all of which is composed of carbonate and soluble rocks, being mostly limestone although dolomite and evaporites are also present at various depths. The whole of the Yucatán Peninsula is an unconfined flat lying karst landscape.[5] Sinkholes, known locally as cenotes, are widespread in the northern lowlands. According to the Alvarez hypothesis, the mass extinction of the dinosaurs at the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene Period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary), 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact somewhere in the greater Caribbean Basin. The deeply buried Chicxulub crater is centered off the north coast of the peninsula near the town of Chicxulub. The now-famous "Ring of Cenotes" (visible in NASA imagery) outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~66 million years of age, which lies more than 1 km below the modern ground surface near the centre, with the rock above the impact strata all being younger in age. The presence of the crater has been determined first on the surface from the Ring of Cenotes, but also by geophysical methods, and direct drilling with recovery of the drill cores. The Arrowsmith Bank is a submerged bank located off the northeastern end of the peninsula.[8] Water resourcesDue to the extreme karst nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half is devoid of rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and generally unpotable. Due to its coastal situation, the whole of the peninsula is underlain by an extensive contiguous density stratified coastal aquifer, where a fresh water lens formed from meteoric water floats on top of intruding saline water from the coastal margins. The thousands of sinkholes known as cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system. The cenotes have long been relied on by ancient and contemporary Maya people.[5][9] Flora and faunaVegetationShort and tall tropical jungles are the predominant natural vegetation types of the Yucatán Peninsula. The boundaries between northern Guatemala (El Petén), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and western Belize are still occupied by the largest continuous tracts of tropical rainforest in Central America. However, these forests are suffering extensive deforestation.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/982931] Fauna{{expand section|date=February 2016}}ClimateLike much of the Caribbean, the peninsula lies within the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its almost uniformly flat terrain it is vulnerable to these large storms coming from the east. The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a particularly bad season for Mexico's tourism industry, with two forceful category 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a typical year which left the Yucatán untouched, but in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane season Yucatán was hit by Hurricane Dean (also a category 5 storm), nevertheless Dean left little damage on the peninsula despite heavy localized flooding. Strong storms called nortes can quickly descend on the Yucatán Peninsula any time of year. Although these storms pummel the area with heavy rains and high winds, they tend to be short-lived, clearing after about an hour. The average percentage of days with rain per month ranges from a monthly low of 7% in April to a high of 25% in October. Breezes can have a cooling effect, humidity is generally high, particularly in the remaining rainforest areas.[10] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=McColl |first1=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |date=2005 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=0816057869 |pages=1002–1003}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7IGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortés al emperador Carlos V |publisher=A. Chaix y ca. |location=Paris |date=1866 |page =1 footnote 2 |accessdate=2010-12-13 |language=spanish}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/IbrAmerTxt/IbrAmerTxt-idx?type=HTML&rgn=DIV1&byte=1461724&q1=Yucatan&pview=hide |title=Ibero-American Electronic Text Series: Primera Carta de Relación, PREÁMBULO |publisher=Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System |year=1945 |language=spanish |accessdate=2010-12-13}} 4. ^P. R. Renne, 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393261 Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous ... - NCBI] 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=420|quote=|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.|via=}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://mayaruins.com/yucmap.html |title=Yucatan map |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate= }} 7. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Yucatán Peninsula |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yucatan-Peninsula |accessdate=7 August 2018}} 8. ^Arrowsmith Bank, Undersea Features - Geographical Names 9. ^BBC: Planet Earth, part 4: Caves. 10. ^
External links
| Centre = {{flagicon|Mexico}} Yucatán Peninsula | N = {{Flag|Mississippi}} • {{Flag|Alabama}} {{Flag|Louisiana}} Gulf of Mexico | NE = {{Flag|Florida}} {{Flag|Cuba}} Gulf of Mexico | E = {{Flag|Jamaica}} Caribbean Sea | SE = Caribbean Sea {{Flag|Honduras}} | S = {{Flag|Guatemala}} • {{Flag|Belize}} | SW = {{flagicon|Mexico}} Tabasco {{flagicon|Mexico}} Chiapas | W = {{flagicon|Mexico}} Veracruz Gulf of Mexico | NW = {{Flag|Texas}} {{flagicon|Mexico}} Tamaulipas Gulf of Mexico }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Yucatan Peninsula}} 10 : Yucatán Peninsula|Peninsulas of North America|Landforms of the Gulf of Mexico|Landforms of Central America|Geography of Mesoamerica|Peninsulas of Mexico|Landforms of Belize|Landforms of Yucatán|Landforms of Campeche|Landforms of Quintana Roo |
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