1. References

3D Forensics is the use of three dimensional technologies that assist in the documentation, analysis, reconstruction and visualization of evidence. The evidence may be an entire crime or collision scene (or larger) and as small as microscopic striations on a bullet. The term describes what law enforcement agencies and other private companies are doing by using three dimensional technologies such as laser scanners, photogrammetry, CT and structured light scanners to document and analyze some aspect of an event to help answer questions in an investigation or inquiry.

There are three main portions to 3D Forensics, the first is the documentation portion which refers to the hardware, technology and software that is used to capture objects or environments. Some common technologies in use today are the terrestrial laser scanner, total station and photogrammetry. The purpose of documentation is to produce an accurate digital representation of an object or any form of evidence. This virtual representation or 3D model may come in many forms such as a point cloud, set of points or textured mesh object. The benefit of having a digital record is that it can be held on record indefinitely and recalled years later for inspection.

The second component to 3D Forensics is the analysis and reconstruction components. Typical types of analysis are vehicle collision reconstructions, suspect height analysis, bloodstain area of origin analysis and bullet trajectory reconstruction. Many of these types of analysis merge with other technologies such as photographs, video or other types of 3D technologies to produce a result which could not be obtained with one technology alone. Reconstruction on the other hand is an attempt to reproduce the psychical aspects of an event such as a homicide or shooting such that it can be used as substantive evidence in court. Reconstructions can be highly useful as part of an investigation since difference scenarios can be played out and certain events or physical limitations may exclude scenarios from having happened. In some cases, they may corroborate a witnesses testimony or align with some other evidence.

The third component to 3D Forensics is visualization which is the manner in which the evidence or the analysis is provided. One of the benefits of 3D technologies is that they are visual and in some cases highly realistic. Thus, realistic 3D models of evidence or entire crime scenes can be presented to investigators as part of an investigation or to juries as part of a trial. When a 3D analysis has been done, the results are often visual and can be provided directly in the context of the crime scene. For example, an area of origin analysis can be placed back into a crime scene to visualize the location of the source of the impact in relation to other objects such as a sofa, weapon and victim location.

References

• Finnish postal service
• Finnish presidential election
• Finnish presidential election, 1919
• Finnish presidential election, 1925
• Finnish presidential election, 1931
• Finnish presidential election, 1937
• Finnish presidential election, 1940
• Finnish presidential election, 1943
• Finnish presidential election, 1946
• Finnish presidential election, 1950
• Finnish presidential election, 1956
• Finnish presidential election, 1962
• Finnish presidential election, 1968
• Finnish presidential election, 1978
• Finnish presidential election, 1982
• Finnish presidential election, 1988
• Finnish presidential election, 1994
• Finnish presidential election, 2000
• Finnish presidential election, 2006
• Finnish presidential election, 2012
• Finnish presidential election, 2018
• Finnish prohibition referendum, 1931
• Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941)
• Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)
• Finnish records in athletics