| 词条 | Yuri Orlov |
| 释义 |
|name = Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov |native_name = Юрий Фёдорович Орлов |native_name_lang = Russian |image = Orlov photo.jpg |image_size = |caption = Orlov, Summer 2008 |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1924|8|13}} |birth_place = Moscow, USSR |death_date = |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = * {{Flag|Soviet Union}} (1924–1986)
|nationality = Russian |ethnicity = |field = nuclear physics |workplaces = * Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
|alma_mater = Moscow State University, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = his scientific work and participation in human rights movement in the Soviet Union |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize (1986), honorary doctorate Uppsala University (1990)[1] Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service (1995), Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS) (2006) |religion = |footnotes = |spouse = * Irina Lagunova[2]
|children = sons Dmitri, Aleksandr,[6] Lev[2] }}{{Listen|filename=Yurij Orlov voice.oga|title=Orlov's voice|type=speech|description=from Orlov's interview for Ekho Moskvy, 11 May 2011}}Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov ({{lang-ru|Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в}}, born 13 August 1924 in Moscow) is a nuclear physicist and human rights activist,[7] a former Soviet dissident,[8] a founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group[9] and the Soviet Amnesty International group,[10] and currently Professor of Physics Emeritus at Cornell University. He was declared a prisoner of conscience[11] while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords[12] as a founder of human rights movement in the Soviet Union.[13] Early careerYuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow.[14] His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov.[2] In March 1933, his father died.[2] From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army.[15] In 1952, he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics[16] where he later worked as a physicist.[15] In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his career of scientist due to his speech at the party meeting devoted to the discussion of the report On the Personality Cult and its Consequences by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. Then he publicly called Stalin and Beria "killers who were in power" and put forward the requirement of "democracy on the basis of socialism."[17] For the pro-democracy speech he made in 1956, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job.[15] What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... (Yuri Orlov, 1980)[18] Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963.[16] He became an expert on particle acceleration.[14] In 1968, he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences[14] after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute.[15] In 1972, he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism.[15] DissidentIn September 1973, when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academicians denouncing Andrei Sakharov's anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academicians demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academicians themselves were arrested; and then third academicians, still alive, publicly demanded the death penalty for them.[17][19]{{rp|163}}[20]{{rp|161}} Defending academician Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brežnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It"[21] which appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[22] The Western press published the letter in 1974{{sfn|Orlov|1974}} but its publication in the Russian press took place only in 1991.{{sfn|Aksyutin|Medvedev|1991}} In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[22] In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union.[15] In May 1976, he organised the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman.[15] Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords.[23] Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal.[24] The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."[25] Arrest and trialOn 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested.[26][27][28] In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest."{{sfn|Orlov|1977}} In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.[29] The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room.[6] Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor."[6] According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."[30] Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords.[6] Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons.[6] On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labour camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.[31] Protests over Orlov's trialUS President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial.[32] Washington senator Henry M. Jackson said, "The Orlov trial, and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations, are dramatic cases in point" when discussing Soviet breaches of law.[33] The US National Academy of Sciences has officially protested against the trial of Orlov.[34] In the summer of 1978, 2400 American scientists[35] including physicists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky (SOS), an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists.[36]{{rp|547}} An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler,[37] its chairman was Prof. Morris Pripstein.[38] Scientists at CERN have spoken out against the imprisonment of Orlov for "disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda".[39] 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest the jailing of Orlov.[40] Imprisonent and exileFor the first year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, then Perm Camp 35 and 37.[18] In Perm Camp 37, he has mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes.[41] Two articles written by Orlov in the camp were smuggled and published abroad.[42] On 5 July 1983, the Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for the release of Orlov to Austria, but it was intentionally left without an answer.[43] The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate."[23] Orlov also suffered from tuberculosis.[44] He has lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth.[45] Orlov's wife said he looked extremely emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."[46] In 1984, Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden.[28] On 14 November 1985, Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov.[47] Emigration and US citizenshipOn 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[48] Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff.[49] Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress.[50] US President Jimmy Carter said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."[51] On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded with the Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000.[52]{{rp|253}} Since 1987, Orlov has been working at Cornell University as a scientist.[53] A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Orlov studies particle accelerator design, beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics. He has authored and coauthored numerous research papers,[54] articles on human rights,[55] and an autobiography, Dangerous Thoughts (1991).[56] In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988.[57][58][59] Orlov told Gorbachev, "I would say you have a very great power in your hands, the K.G.B., and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all. Afterward, you should liquidate the K.G.B., because it is a cancer."[60] On 18 July 1991, Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia.{{sfn|Bonner|Orlov|1991}} In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.[61] In 1995 the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service.[62] In 2005 he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights.[62][63] In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia."[64] On 24 March 2005, Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk, Yuri Samodurov, and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum exhibition on religion.[65] Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement, the 2005 one They Chose Freedom[66] and in the 2014 one Parallels, Events, People. He is a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees, and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee, Global Rights. References1. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ | title=Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Орлов Юрий Федорович (р. 1924)|trans-title=Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich (b. 1924)|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=author&i=79|publisher=The Sakharov Center|language=Russian}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Shultz, George|title=Turmoil and triumph: my years as secretary of state|date=1993|publisher=Scribner's|isbn=978-0684193250|page=749}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov vows he'll continue to struggle for human rights|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19861002&id=He8wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3N8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1183,4279178&hl=com|work=Kentucky New Era|date=2 October 1986|page=48}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=The Yuri Orlov file|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB482/|publisher=The National Security Archive}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=Orlov receives maximum sentence|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf2/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-20.pdf|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LXXXV|issue=113|date=21 May 1978|page=2}} 7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01585.x |title=The Criminal Trial and the Disruptive Defendant |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |year=1980 |last1=Zellick |first1=Graham }} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1990|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g5-vtpSzvUC&pg=PA296}} 9. ^{{cite journal|title=CERN turns its back on Yuri Orlov|journal=New Scientist|date=2 July 1981|volume=91|issue=1260|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWysYDyRfdIC&pg=PA4|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 10. ^{{cite news|author=Garelik, Glenn|title=Science and dissidence|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1991/07/21/science-and-dissidence/35be1a9f-dbeb-49ce-8f09-3f6720c8223f/|work=The Washington Post|date=21 July 1991}} 11. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1063/1.2916026 |title=Prisoners of conscience |journal=Physics Today |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=94 |year=1984 |last1=Halperin |first1=Israel |bibcode=1984PhT....37l..94H }} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Orlov receives red carpet from Western science|journal=New Scientist|date=9 October 1986|volume=112|issue=1529|pages=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35Z2EMyzAkC&pg=PA16|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=Founder of the Soviet human-rights movement|journal=U.S. News & World Report|date=10 October 1986|volume=101|issue=16|pages=23|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8600009515/founder-soviet-human-rights-movement}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite news|author=Wren, Christopher|title=Man in the news; a pragmatic crusader: Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/01/world/man-in-the-news-a-pragmatic-crusader-yuri-fyodorovich-orlov.html|work=The New York Times|date=1 October 1986}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|title=Andrei Sakharov and human rights|date=2010|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-9287169471|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAhC5ZVgjpgC&pg=PA151}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Marshak, Robert|title=Orlov dissident trial in perspective|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=September 1978|volume=34|issue=7|pages=5–6|doi=10.1080/00963402.1978.11458529|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5}} 17. ^1 {{cite news|title=Юрий Орлов. Человек-легенда|trans-title=Yuri Orlov. Legendary man|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/26530343.html|work=Radio Liberty|date=15 August 2014|language=Russian}} 18. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Bailey, Anthony|title=Orlov|journal=The New Yorker|date=25 April 1983|page=40|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1983/04/25/orlov}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|chapter=Chapter thirteen. In the opposition|title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|date=1991|pages=163–176|location=New York|publisher=William Morrow and Company|isbn=978-0688104719|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&id=6XglAAAAMAAJ}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Орлов, Юрий|title=Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни|trans-title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|chapter=Глава тринадцатая. В оппозиции|trans-chapter=Chapter thirteen. In the opposition|chapter-url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=6147|date=1992|publisher=Аргументы и факты|location=Moscow|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=109|pages=161–174|language=Russian|isbn=978-5852720023}} 21. ^{{cite book|author1=De Boer, S. P. |author2=Driessen, Evert |author3=Verhaar, Hendrik |title=Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975|date=1982|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9024725380|page=405|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IQzecjGQX0C&pg=PA405}} 22. ^1 {{cite book|author=Shifman, Mikhail (ed.)|title=Physics in a mad world|date=2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9814619318|page=445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA445}} 23. ^1 {{cite news|author=Eaton, William|title=Harshly treated: Orlov: ordeal for symbol of dissent ends|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-10-01/news/mn-3754_1_human-rights|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=1 October 1986}} 24. ^{{cite book|author1=Potok, Chaim |author2=Slepak, Leonid |author3=Slepak, Vladimir |author4=Slepak, Alexander |author5=Slepak, Maria |title=The gates of November|date=2010|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0307575517|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuZtZ51I5KMC&pg=PA175}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1139498920|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4XiMGNyY9IC&pg=PA73}} 26. ^{{cite news|author=Shanker, Thom|title=Bitter Siberian ordeal ends at last for Yuri Orlov|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19861001&id=O6hJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LA4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4764,4899670&hl=com|work=Bangor Daily News|date=1 October 1986|page=9}} 27. ^{{cite journal|author=Bailey, Anthony|title=Defending Yuri Orlov|journal=The New Yorker|date=19 September 1977|page=29|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1977/09/19/defending-yuri-orlov}} 28. ^1 {{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov Soviet dissident group founder|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/10/06/Personality-SpotlightNEWLNYuri-Orlov-Soviet-dissident-group-founder/1161528955200/|work=UPI|date=6 October 1986}} 29. ^{{cite journal|author=Oshins, Eddie|title=The case of Yuri Orlov|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=3 February 1983|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/feb/03/the-case-of-yuri-orlov/}} 30. ^{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov sentenced to 12 years|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19780519&id=MoQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o80EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6352,3860531|work=Herald-Journal|volume=Vol. 106|issue=99|date=19 May 1978}} 31. ^{{cite journal|title=CERN scientists speak out for Orlov|journal=New Scientist|date=20 May 1982|volume=94|issue=1306|page=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvPxY9tO7YC&pg=PA473|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=Carter, Jimmy|title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1978, Book 1: January 1 to June 30, 1978|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=938|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTYh6XXbUMC&pg=PA938|chapter=Presidential Documents. Week Ending Friday, May 26, 1978}} 33. ^{{cite news|title=U.S. senators seek Nobel for Helsinki groups|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1978/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1978-28.pdf|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LXXXV|issue=159|date=16 July 1978|pages=1–2}} 34. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03064227908532880 |title=Science and Human Rights |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=8 |pages=41–44 |year=1979 |last1=Ziman |first1=John }} 35. ^{{cite journal|title=Soviet physicist could face new jail term|journal=New Scientist|date=9 February 1984|volume=101|issue=1396|pages=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6idhDboGmZoC&pg=PA4|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 36. ^{{cite book|author=Pripstein, Morris|title=Andrei Sakharov: facets of a life|date=1991|publisher=Atlantica Séguier Frontières|isbn=978-2863320969|pages=546–548|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTIziWmTX_0C&pg=PA547|chapter=Sakharov, scientists, and human rights; a personal recollection}} 37. ^{{cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Physicist and the eternal struggle for human rights|journal=Bulletin of the American Physical Society|date=1 April 1995|volume=40|issue=2|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199510/human-rights.cfm}} 38. ^{{cite book|author=Lipkin, Harry|title=Andrei Sakharov: quarks and the structure of matter|date=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9814407434|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOm6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}} 39. ^{{cite journal|title=A small word in support of Orlov|journal=New Scientist|date=11 November 1982|volume=96|issue=1331|page=341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_OSLI3wYu0C&pg=PA341|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 40. ^{{cite journal|author=O'Toole, Thomas|title=Orlov's sentence causes third U.S. physicist group to cancel Russian trip|journal=The Washington Post|date=3 June 1978|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/06/03/orlovs-sentence-causes-third-us-physicist-group-to-cancel-russian-trip/a5231d18-fa49-4b45-96ad-c4a1a8995631/}} 41. ^{{cite journal|title=Concerns about Orlov's health|journal=New Scientist|date=22 November 1979|page=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbS7f5n9XTYC&pg=PA592|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 42. ^{{harvs|txt|author=Orlov|year1=1981|year2=1982}} 43. ^About the letter by Bruno Kreisky to the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov 44. ^{{cite news|title=Soviet dissident Orlov reported terminally ill|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-11-15/news/mn-2469_1_tuberculosis|work=Los Angeles Times|date=15 November 1985}} 45. ^{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov is reported very sick|url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/1984/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1984-24.pdf|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LII|issue=24|date=10 June 1984|page=2}} 46. ^{{cite journal|title=Concern about Orlov's health|journal=New Scientist|date=22 November 1979|volume=84|issue=1182|pages=592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbS7f5n9XTYC&pg=PA592|last1=Information|first1=Reed Business}} 47. ^{{cite news|title=Russian dissident Yuri Orlov close to death, says scientist|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19851115&id=VMBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1aUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5647,3128008&hl=com|work=The Glasgow Herald|date=15 November 1985}} 48. ^{{cite web|title=О лишении гражданства и выдворении из СССР Орлова Ю.Ф.|trans-title=On the deprivation of citizenship and expulsion of Orlov Yu F. from the USSR|url=http://bukovsky-archives.net/pdfs/dis80/kgb86-3.pdf|publisher=Soviet archives collected by Vladimir Bukovsky|language=Russian|date=30 September 1986}} 49. ^{{cite news|author=Valentine, Paul|title=Soviet dissident Orlov starts 'a new life' in U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/06/soviet-dissident-orlov-starts-a-new-life-in-us/b110d095-8d62-4471-800c-3f9d41bf5c9c/|work=The Washington Post|date=6 October 1986}} 50. ^{{cite book|author=Snyder, Sarah|title=Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1139498920|pages=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4XiMGNyY9IC&pg=PA168|date=2011-06-20}} 51. ^{{cite news|title=Yuri Orlov wins human rights award|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19861001&id=0GwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mzIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6988,3795355&hl=com|work=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=1 October 1986}} 52. ^{{cite book|author=Hochman, Steven|chapter=Carter center|editor=Forsythe, David|title=Encyclopedia of human rights|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195334029|volume=Vol. 1|pages=252–256|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA253}} 53. ^{{cite news|author=Lanier, Alfredo|title=Network forms to aid scholars at risk|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-06-05/news/0006050083_1_yuri-orlov-scholars-persecuted|work=The Chicago Tribune|date=5 June 2000}} 54. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610032317/http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/yfo1/ Orlov's research papers] 55. ^{{harvnb|Orlov|1979}}; {{harvnb|Orlov|Bethell|1987}}; {{harvs|txt|author=Orlov|year1=1988a|year2=1988b}}; {{harvnb|Gottfried|Orlov|1989}}; {{harvnb|Birman|Lizhi|Winick|1994}} 56. ^{{cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Book Review: Dangerous Thoughts: Memoirs of a Russian Life|journal=Physics Today|date=1991|volume=44|issue=11|pages=92–93|doi=10.1063/1.2810325|bibcode=1991PhT....44k..92S}} 57. ^{{cite journal|title=Citizenship: better late than never|journal=Time|date=27 August 1990|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971011,00.html}} 58. ^{{cite news|title=Solzhenitsyn, 22 others qet citizenship back|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19900816&id=8uQhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=12MEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6933,33851|work=The Pittsburgh Press|date=16 August 1990|page=A8}} 59. ^{{cite news|title=Solzhenitsyn cool as Moscow confirms offer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/17/world/solzhenitsyn-cool-as-moscow-confirms-offer.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 August 1990}} 60. ^{{cite news|author=Rosenthal, Andrew|title=For the Soviet emigres, Gorbachev stirs both optimism and skepticism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/world/for-the-soviet-emigres-gorbachev-stirs-both-optimism-and-skepticism.html|work=The New York Times|date=5 December 1987}} 61. ^{{cite web|title=Curriculum vitae of Yuri Orlov|url=http://www.physics.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/Orlov_c-v-and-List-of-Pubs_July-25-20151.pdf|publisher=Cornell University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003065651/http://www.physics.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/Orlov_c-v-and-List-of-Pubs_July-25-20151.pdf|archivedate=3 October 2015|deadurl=no}} 62. ^1 {{cite news|author=Gold, Lauren|title=First Andrei Sakharov Prize for human rights goes to Cornell physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov|work=Cornell Chronicle|date=14 November 2005|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/11/yuri-orlov-recognized-his-commitment-human-rights}} 63. ^2006 Andrei Sakharov Prize Recipient 64. ^{{cite news|title=Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/nov/13/20041113-111225-7336r/?page=all|work=The Washington Times|date=13 November 2004}} 65. ^{{cite web|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=A letter to Vladimir Putin|url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/museum/exhibitionhall/religion_notabene/orlov240305.htm|publisher=Sakharov Center|date=24 March 2005}} 66. ^{{cite web|script-title=ru:В Москве прошла презентация фильма "Они выбрали свободу" об истории диссидентов в СССР|trans-title=In Moscow, the presentation of the film They Chose Freedom went off|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/01dec2005/film.html|publisher=NEWSru.com|language=Russian|date=1 December 2005}} Some publications
|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=18 July 1991|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jul/18/armenia-an-open-letter/|harvid=BonnerOrlov1991}}
Further reading
Video
28 : 1924 births|Living people|People from Moscow|Moscow State University alumni|Russian physicists|Soviet physicists|20th-century American physicists|Russian nuclear physicists|Soviet nuclear physicists|Soviet dissidents|Soviet human rights activists|Moscow Helsinki Group|Communist Party of the Soviet Union members|Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Amnesty International people|Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Soviet Union|Soviet prisoners and detainees|Soviet expellees|People forcibly stripped of Soviet citizenship|Soviet emigrants to the United States|Cornell University faculty|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Russian memoirists|Russian political writers|Soviet people of World War II|21st-century American physicists|Inmates of Lefortovo Prison|Russian prisoners and detainees |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。