“Draft:Baloch Resistance”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Post 1947 partition of India, Balochistan has been one of four Pakistani provinces. As a result of colonial border-drawing the Baloch peoples occupy additional territories in southwestern Afghanistan, and south-eastern Iran.There are also Baloch enclaves elsewhere, mainly in northern Afghanistan and Turkmenistan..^[1] In addition to post-colonial dispersion of the Baloch, different authoritarian regimes have created precarious living conditions for them in the nation-states they currently occupy. Pakistan is one such Hybrid Regime^[2] that has marginalized, taken advantage of and brutalized the Baloch, in the face of which an ethno-nationalist resistance movement has developed and evolved. This Baloch resistance is a multi-faceted one with involvement from many different groups that not only differ in their make-up, but also in their demands, goals, approaches and organizations.^[3] The resistance has its foundation in Balochi ethno-nationalist literature and traditional oral art. ^[4]

Historical context

Baloch resistance in modern day Pakistan has its roots in pre-partition Baloch ethno-nationalism. Baloch ethno-nationalism in the broad sense is a longstanding political phenomenon, feudal-tribal sentiment and local structure of government. The pre-partition Baloch ethno-nationalism eventually sought an independent Baloch state even when there was a vast movement towards a Muslim-state by non-Balochi Indo-Muslims during the British Raj. However, this ethno-nationalism that demanded an autonomous state, was initially only resistance to British colonial rule and the increasingly centralized government that developed with it.^[5] The young Baloch movements that demanded a Baloch state were successfully outmaneuvered by the Muslim league– in its pursue of a Muslim-state instead.^[5] This established the tone for how Pakistan has treated the Baloch people since the commencement of the nation-state.

Nationalism and the tribal system did not always work in accordance with each other. This complementary relationship turned unification, developed as a result of the Khan of Kalat's middle-ground policy immediately after the partition that aimed at giving tribal leaders autonomy in their areas while also accepting subsidies by the Pakistani government. ^[5] This policy of the Khan irked the nationalist leaders, they saw it as a Pakistani way of buying Baloch accession.^[5] This common feeling of betrayal led to better unification and communication between tribal peoples even though disputes over land among them were ongoing. Intercommunication gave way to developments within the idea of the Baloch nation vs. the Baloch tribes.

The Baloch nation has developed and solidified its ideals through waves of active resistance in the face of developments in Pakistani authoritarianism through military-civilian changes in power. Balochistan has consistently endured Pakistani crackdown and exploitation even when its manifestations and intensities have differed. That is so because even when the incoming government wants nothing to do with Balochistan, it is important for two reasons: natural resources and the military's politically vested interest in national-security. This overwhelming Pakistani control of Baloch peoples' lives and land is illustrated by the way Pakistanis refer to natural gas as "Sui gas". Sui Gas Field is the place in Balochistan where natural gas has been extracted since 1963 and supplied to 5.65 million Pakistani consumers.^[6] The Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited is a public company that runs the extraction and laying down of the pipelines.^[7] Pakistan regularly caps Balochistan's natural gas usage under the guise of country-wide resource shortages when provinces like Punjab receive higher supplies even after compensating for the populations of the two provinces.^[8] The second reason for Balochistan's strategical importance is due to Pakistan's longstanding animosity with India. As a security-state Pakistan needs a consistent national security threat from outside that is perpetually created and upheld by labelling ethno-resistances within as separatist elements that are working with the enemy to endanger Pakistan. It is what justifies the vastnesses of the Pakistan military complex and 1.1 trillion in military spending from the national budget.^[9]

Another reason why Balochistan has become increasingly controlled is due to the rise in Islamist terrorism with the activities of the Taliban and the surge of Afghan refugees into the province and country after 1879. Ethnic Pashtuns have occupied the area of Balochistan well before the influx of refugees or the rise of terrorism. Pashtun tribes and Baloch tribes have contended for land and resources historically.^[10] Both groups have been at the receiving end of Pakistan's marginalization and both groups have spearheaded distinctive resistance movements. The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement which has recently gained traction has raised Pakistani national security anxieties just as Baloch resistance has.^[11] This means the doubling down of Pakistani force in Balochistan.

Pakistani Human Rights Abuses in Balochistan

The Pakistani government and army have committed horrendous human rights abuses in Balochistan under the guise of fighting terrorism.^[12] They have abducted, brutalized, tortured and forced out activists, political party leaders. Baloch students have disappeared from major institutions in big cities like Lahore and Karachi.^[13] The everyday Baloch in Pakistan faces systemic ethno-discrimination.^[14] In addition to violence perpetuated on ethnic Balochis, there has also been a pattern of violence against religious and sectarian minorities. Balochistan is home to a significant Shi'a population, who have been subject to a silent genocide.^[15] Hindu Balochis have also been targeted, especially ones who had backed Akbar Bugti and his tribal leadership.^[16]

Physical violence has usually come in pairs with land rights violations. Government natural gas and petroleum companies have seized land without proper compensation or legal selling of tribally owned lands.^[17]^[18] All of these different faces of oppression have a highly gendered manifestation as well. Women have been targeted by the security forces in a series of sexual violence. The threat of sexual violence is omnipresent among female activists who are captured.^[22]^[19]

International Involvement

The most overwhelming international involvement and presence in Balochistan is that of China's and to other degrees that of the GCC countries. The strategic importance of the Gawadar Sea Port is of value to economic investments in trade for these countries. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has sought to rapidly develop infrastructure in Balochistan for enabling an increment in trade. This top-down development has neglected and actively marginalized the Baloch.^[20] Land has been swept from underneath Baloch ownership. People have been internally displaced and it has significantly destroyed fishing communities off the coast of Makran. These developments will not direct any substantial financial benefit to the province itself.^[21] It has only exacerbated existing grievances. With the increasing suppression from the sate and silencing of dissent, sentiments have been swayed swiftly towards sympathizing with those who struggle for independence. This project is not aimed at transforming fishing and artisan communities into a bustling commercial hub, it is a highly militarized project.^[26] The unwillingness of the government and China to consider local Baloch concerns is the central problem. This repression of critique and dissent is the integral point of contention.

Another nation-state that has appeared important in the case of Balochistan is India, but in terms of giving coverage to the Baloch resistance and aligning with resistance leaders. Indian outlets have proved integral in providing the Baloch resistance with airtime. Many leaders of the resistance have countless times shown prospects of positive embrace of Indian help against Pakistan.^[22]

The International community has largely been silent regarding the Balochistan's struggles with Pakistani imperialism. Baloch activists have sought the help International organizations such as the UN. Most western officials have not come forward regarding the issue. However, certain individuals Rep. Dana Rohrabache from California has voiced concern about the plight of Balochistan.^[23]

Resistance Organizations

Baloch Liberation Front (BLF)

The Baloch Liberation Front, currently headed by Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch, is the most active militant group in the armed Baloch struggle against Pakistani occupation of Balochistan^[24]. The group is mainly based in Balochistan's southernmost region, Makran^[25] but their operations also cover the Awaran, Panjgur, Washuk, Turbat, and Gwadar districts^[31]. A decent amount of the BLF's forces are comprised of large numbers of Zikris^[31]. The BLF is officially banned by the Pakistani government for its involvement in terrorist activities^[24].

On 20 April, 2015, the BLF killed 20 labourers in Turbat. According the Nazar Baloch, the workers were linked to the Pakistani army and were working on the infrastructure aspect of the CPEC project^[25]. In 2017, 17 Baloch Liberation Front members surrendered to Pakistani forces in exchange for a financial package that would help them get off their feet after working as militants^[26].

Baloch Liberation Army (BLA)

The Baloch Liberation Army formed in the Summer of 2000 as a response to growing resentment towards the Pakistani government's monopoly over Balochistan's resources and an unequal allocation of jobs to Punjab's over Baloch people^[27]. Until a bomb blast in Quetta in 2004, the Pakistani government denied the existence of the Baloch Liberation Army^[28]. The BLA is said to be mainly comprised of Marri tribesmen from the Balochistan province^[28]. The BLA believes in a state founded on the basis of ethnic identity rather than religious identity like Pakistan was founded on^[27]. The size of the group varies from as low a number as 500 members to as many as 6,000 members^[27]. As of April 2006 the Baloch Liberation Army has been designated a terrorist organization by the Pakistani government for its anti state activities and attacks on Pakistani forces^[29], and as of July 2007 the government of the United Kingdom had placed the BLA on its List of Proscribed Groups^[27]. In October 2017, the BLA announced that it had formed an alliance with the BLF^[30]. In 2015, a senior BLA commander, Baloch Khan, stated that the BLA has 25 camps in Balochistan and many other guerrilla warfare units in urban areas^[25]. In 2017, 125 members of the Baloch Liberation Army voluntarily surrendered to Pakistani forces and received a financial package to help them and their families build lives after militancy^[26].

Attacks carried out by the BLA generally target Pakistani government affiliates, natural gas pipelines, oil fields, civilians and soldiers who work for the government, and people with Punjab heritage and ties^[27]. Following the BLA's 2004 attacks on Chinese foreign workers, the Pakistani government sent an estimated 20,000 troops into Balochistan to attempt to help better control the situation^[27]. The group says that it will continue its efforts against China's growing presence in the region and the threat their presence poses to the Baloch people in Pakistan^[31]. In June 2013 the BLA destroyed the Ziarat Residency—home to the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah^[32]. During May of 2015, the Baloch Liberation Army carried out an attack on a Pakistani convoy that Pakistan's president's son was travelling in^[25]. In mid-November 2018, BLA claimed responsibility for an attack on the Chinese consulate in Karachi^[33]. The group's reasoning behind the attack is in response to the continued development of the province of Balochistan as part of CPEC^[33].

Baloch National Freedom Front (BRAS)

The Baloch National Freedom Front is an umbrella organization that came together in late October or early November 2018. The group consists of the Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Guards, and the Baloch Liberation Army. The groups came together because they believe that unification will strengthen their cause going forward and result in the elimination of Pakistani occupation in Balochistan^[34]. BRAS will carry out armed activities collectively between all three organizations as they move toward the development of a national army^[30].

Baloch Students Organization-Azad (BSO-Azad)

The Baloch Students Organization was founded in 1967 for Baloch students to participate in activism in the province. Following ideological differences, the group splintered, and in 2002 Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch developed the BSO-Azad—that specifically advocates for an independent Balochistan^[35]. The organization plays a large role in mobilizing young people and Baloch separatists^[24].

In 2013, BSO-Azad was banned by the Pakistani government on the basis of being involved in terrorism^[24]. Following the 2014 abduction of the organization's leader Zahid Baloch, presumably by the Pakistani government, members organized protest campaigns in Balochistan, Karachi, and abroad, including a 46-day hunger strike by Lateef Johar Baloch^[36].

Voice For Baloch Missing Persons

The Voice For Baloch Missing Persons advocates against the forced disappearance, torture, and extrajudicial killing of politically active Balochi citizens and their families. The group coordinated a march from Quetta to Karachi on October 26, 2013, and was led by the groups chairman Nasrullah Baloch and Mama Qadeer Baloch^[37].

The International Voice for Baloch Missing Persons was founded in Quetta, Pakistan in 2009^[38] and advocates for the safe return of missing Baloch citizens through the United Nations and Human Rights organizations^[39]. The group brings together activists from Canada, Norway, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland to seek justice for those who have gone missing in Balochistan^[39].

Baloch Women's Panel

The Baloch Women's Panel was founded by Gowar Shakar Bibi^[40] and is made up female lawyers and other professionals as well as female family members of missing Baloch political activists. The group has organized rallies, marches, hunger strikes, informational seminars, and press conferences to advocate for missing Baloch citizens^[41].

Notable Activists

Banok Karima Baloch

As of 2014, Banok Karima Baloch has been the leader of the BSO-Azad after Zahid Baloch went missing and was presumably abducted by the Pakistani government in March 2014. After escaping a Pakistani military attack in 2015, she went underground for a year before making her way to Canada where she applied for refugee status^[42]. In 2016, she was chosen as one of the BBC's 100 Women^[43]. She has called on the United Nations and international human rights groups to play a more active role in the call for the return of missing Baloch activists to their families^[44]. At the 39th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, she accused the Pakistani government in Islamabad of racial discrimination against the Baloch people^[45].

In May 2014, she spoke about Baloch women and their current role in the Baloch freedom movement saying:

Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch

Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch is a former physician, one of the founding members of the BSO-Azad. He is the current leader of the Baloch Liberation Front, currently living in hiding in Balochistan^[46]. Unlike other separatist chiefs, he comes from a middle-class family from Mashkay^[35]. He was abducted by security forces on March 25, 2005 along with several other Baloch activists^[47]. Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch was thought to have been killed by Pakistani forces in August 2015^[48], but he resurfaced in a video a few months later^[49] and has continued his activities within BLF He is an incredibly outspoken opponent of the CPEC trade and infrastructure deal between China and the Pakistani government and has called on the United Nations to declare Balochistan a conflict zone^[50]. He has vowed to attack roads, security personnel, and construction crews associated with the CPEC initiative^[76]. Nazar Baloch has stated that the Pakistani security forces have sponsored several training camps in Balochistan where Islamic State recruits can train^[51].

Dr. Allah says that the Baloch liberation fight focuses specifically on an independent Balochistan that can be a model state for women's rights^[52] and believes in a democratic, secular, welfare state for the Baloch people with equal rights for all citizens^[46]. He says that a Baloch state would aim for peaceful coexistence with its neighbors, would not enter into any nuclear arms' races, and would very strongly promote free speech and the development of science, art, and literature^[46]. Nazar Baloch has also stated that he would be open to assistance from India, a country that has been a long-standing enemy of Pakistan and whose assistance would certainly draw ire from the government in Islamabad^[53].

Mama Qadeer Baloch

Mama Qadeer Baloch is the current vice chairman of the International Voice for Baloch Missing Persons. His son was a political activist who was abducted in 2009 and killed three years later^[38]. In 2015 he and fellow activist Farzana Majeed Baloch were barred from travelling outside of Pakistan after being placed on an Exit Control List after being accused of anti-state activities^[54]. He has appealed to the United Nations to take steps to investigate the many cases of enforced disappearances in Balochistan^[55]. At the age of 72, Mama Qadeer Baloch broke Ghandi's record for farthest distance marched on foot. Qadeer Baloch walked 2000 kilometers at his age compared to Ghandi's 390 kilometers at the age of 61^[56].

Dr. Naseem Baloch

Dr. Naseem Baloch is a Baloch activist, former chairman of the Baloch Students Organization, and current leader of the Baloch National Movement. He currently lives in exile in Europe. He was abducted in March 2005 along with Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch and several other political activists from the region^[57]. He was released two months after his initial abduction and later detailed his experience during that time in an interview with the Balochistan Times as part of a series entitled Tales from the Dungeon^[87]. The official reason given for his abduction and eventual release was a false charge of attempted robbery^[58].

In 2018, he spoke with The Balochistan Post after speaking at the 39th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva saying that the Baloch people need international support so that the Pakistani government can be stopped from committing Baloch genocide^[59].

Farzana Majeed Baloch

Farzana Majeed Baloch is one of the leaders of the Voice for Baloch Missing Persons^[38]. Her brother, Zakir Majeed Baloch is a student activist who went missing in 2009 and is one of the main reasons she is an activist today^[38]. She has called for the Pakistani government to stop its abductions of political workers and political activists and to bring these people in front of courts rather than abducting and torturing these people^[38]. Majeed has said that regardless of the threat of harm to her life and the continued mental torture she lives with, she will continue her peaceful protest^[38].

Munir Mengal

Munir Mengal is the president of the Baloch Voice Foundation^[60] and the head of Baloch Voice TV, a Baloch language channel in Balochistan, currently living in exile in Paris^[61]. On April 4, 2006, a short time before the the channel was set to launch, he was abducted at Karachi airport and held by the Pakistani government for 22 months. On November 26, 2016 Mengal and two others were arrested in Thailand because they were planning to hold a conference on Balochistan in the country^[62].

At the 35th session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, Mengal said that the Pakistani government had made Balochistan into hell on earth^[63]. Like other Baloch activists, he has also been outspoken against the CPEC project between China and Pakistan saying that the program was designed to loot the Baloch people of their natural resources and eliminate their culture and identity^[60]. At a symposium in Tokyo, Japan, Mengal stated that China was attempting complete economic control over South-East Asia and that the CPEC initiative was only aiding in their pursuit of this goal^[64]

Public Reaction

Media coverage of the resistance has been scarce and highly repressed.^[65] There has also been a lot of misconceptions about the multi-faceted movement. When militant factions conduct guerrilla activities those incidents get imbalanced coverage in mainstream news which is then manipulated to tarnish the entire resistance. Recently the BLA has claimed responsibility to attack on the Chinese Consulate in Karachi. The attack was put down by the police and army forces, and that fact is used to absolve the Pakistani government of its own abuses and unwillingness to empower Baloch leaders and dissidents.^[66]

References

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Introduction