| 词条 | Draft:Capture of the Granary at Granaditas |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Capture of the Granary at Granaditas | width = | partof = War of Méxican Independence | image = Batalla_de_la_Alhóndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg | image_size =300x300px | alt = | caption = The Battle for the Granary at Granaditas in Guanajuato on September 28, 1810, Oil on canvas, José Díaz del Castillo, 1910. | date = September 28, 1810 | place = Guanajuato, Viceroyalty of New Spain | coordinates = | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Insurgent victory | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = Mexican insurgents | combatant2 = Spanish Royalist Army | commander1 = Miguel Hidalgo | commander2 = Juan Antonio Riaño † Diego Berzabal | units1 = Mexican Insurgents | units2 = Royalists | strength1 = 50,000 | strength2 = 2500 | casualties1 = 3000 | casualties2 = 2200 Royalists Majority of Townsfolk | notes = edit on Wikidata | campaignbox = }} The Capture of the Granary at Granaditas was a warlike action executed in the Guanajuato, Viceroyalty of New Spain, September 28, 1810, between the Royalist soldiers of the province and the insurgents commanded by Miguel Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende. The fear in the provincial capital made the mayor, Juan Antonio Riaño, ask the population to take quarters in the Granary at Granaditas. The granary was built in 1800, and in whose construction Miguel Hidalgo had participated as an advisor to his old friend Riaño. After several hours of combat, Riaño was assassinated and the Spaniards who had taken refuge there wanted to surrender. The military in the service of the viceroy continued the fight, until the insurgents managed to enter and then massacre not only the scant guard that defended it, but also the numerous families of civilians sheltered in it. Many historians consider this confrontation more like a riot or massacre of civilians than a battle, because conditions of military equality between both sides did not exist. BackgroundThe situation of political instability derived from the political crisis of 1808, both in the viceroyalty of New Spain and Spain, and the Conjura of Valladolid in 1809 allowed liberal and independent ideas to emerge in the Creole population. Towards principles of 1810, the corregidor Miguel Domínguez and its wife Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez organized in Querétaro a conspiracy against the viceregal government, that had accepted the Napoleonic authority in Spain and its dominions. Military vice-chancellors Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama and Mariano Abasolo, opposed to ideas of independence, wanted a protectorate governed by the "legitimate" king of Spain, Fernando VII, but with freedom for its inhabitants. The coup d'état was proposed for December 8, but later it was delayed until October 2, the day of the San Juan de los Lagos fair where a large number of merchants and artisans would congregate. The Conspiracy of Querétaro, as the historiography denominates to the conspiracy, needed a leader, that soon was in the figure of the parish priest of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla -then of 57 years, landowner, ex- rector of the School of San Nicolás- with extensive influences in social groups, mainly indigenous, and highly respected in the Bajío. The conspiracy was discovered on September 11 and Allende was about to be arrested. Hidalgo decided, in his capacity as leader, to advance the date of the uprising and summoned him the morning of September 16 in his parish of Dolores, a fact known as the Cry of Dolores. After the Cry of Dolores, Hidalgo got a total of 6,000 men to start their fight. In a few days, he entered San Miguel el Grande and Celaya without resistance, where he obtained even more funds and soldiers for his struggle. When occupying Atotonilco, in the meadow of the Bajío, Hidalgo took a statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a religious symbol of the inhabitants of the Viceroyalty of New Spain that in the sixteenth century, after its appearance in Tepeyac, motivated the conversion to Catholicism of many indigenous and join the Catholic Church. This image would serve as a standard for Hidalgo in his battles, she would be captured in the battle of the Puente de Calderón and taken to Spain as a trophy; but in 1910, at the Centennial celebrations of Independence, it was returned to Mexico. On September 24, Allende took Salamanca, where Hidalgo was proclaimed Captain General of the Armies of America and Allende was declared Lieutenant General. In Salamanca, there was resistance and an attempt to plunder, suffocated by Aldama. When leaving Salamanca, Hidalgo had fifty thousand men ready to fight. The response of the Spanish side did not wait. Archbishop of Mexico, Francisco Javier de Lizana, who had pardoned the conspirators of Valladolid, was released on September 14 by Francisco Xavier Venegas, participating in the Battle of Bailen, who enjoyed the confidence of the Spaniards for his strictness. He immediately ordered the mayor of Puebla, Manuel Flon, to stop the outbreaks in his province. Manuel Abad y Queipo, Bishop of Michoacán and another friend of Hidalgo, excommunicated Hidalgo and all the insurgents by means of a papal bull on September 27. Hidalgo ignored the bull and continued the fight. CaptureHidalgo sent José Mariano Jiménez as emissary. He was a miner without military training, who asked Allende for permission to pay the troops; Allende refused, but Hidalgo decided to send him on a special mission to intimidate Riaño and request the surrender of Guanajuato city without violence. The following is the text of the letter: {{Quote|text=[...] I do not see Europeans as enemies, but only as an obstacle that hinders the success of our company. Your Lordship will express these ideas to the Europeans who have gathered at the Granary, to decide if declared as enemies or agree to remain as prisoners, receive humane and lenient treatment, as they are experiencing us bring in our forces, until the insinuated freedom and independence is achieved [sic], in which case they will enter the class of citizens, remaining with the right to have the goods returned to them so that for now, for the demands of the nation, we will serve. If, on the other hand, they do not agree to this request, I will apply all the forces and devices to destroy them, without the hope of a quarter.|[...] yo no veo a los europeos como enemigos, sino solamente como un obstáculo que embaraza el buen éxito de nuestra empresa. Vuestra Señoría se servirá manifestar estas ideas a los europeos que se han reunido en esa Alhóndiga, para que resuelvan si se declaran por enemigos o convienen en quedar en calidad de prisioneros recibiendo un trato humano y benigno, como lo están experimentando los que traemos en nuestra compañía, hasta que se consiga la insinuada libertad e independencia [¿sic?], en cuyo caso entrarán en la clase de ciudadanos, quedando con derecho a que se les restituyan los bienes de que por ahora, para las exigencias de la nación, nos serviremos. Si, por el contrario, no accedieren a esta solicitud, aplicaré todas las fuerzas y ardides para destruirlos, sin que les quede esperanza de cuartel.[1]}}Riaño was born in Liérganes, Santander (Spain), and was a man of the sea, thus he participated in several naval combats and reached the rank of Frigate Captain. In 1786, when dictated by Carlos III, the ordinances for the correct operation of the Viceroy of New Spain, Riaño had his title changed to the lieutenant general and in 1795 was named Viceroy of Guanajuato. There he made friends with Hidalgo, parish priest of Dolores and with Manuel Abad y Queipo, then governor of the diocese of Michoacán. Upon receiving Hidalgo's letter, he refused to accept the petition claiming to be a soldier of the King of Spain and recognizing Viceroy Venegas as the sole authority. Upon hearing the response of his old friend, Hidalgo decided to start the fight.Allende, Aldama, and Jiménez were divided into equal parts to besiege Guanajuato. At first, they found no resistance; On the contrary, they received support in money and soldiers. Some of his informants gave information about the military status of the fort and the fortune protected there. The combat began around eight o'clock in the morning, when the first shots were heard on the granary. Riaño ordered Lieutenant Barcelo, captain of the guard, to climb to the roof to face the possible invasions. The mayor, meanwhile, remained on the ground floor, resisting the insurgent sieges. Barceló, from the heights, counterattacked with on bombs and rifle shots. Riaño saw that it was impossible for a triumph from the side of the Royalists, as they were deprived of any mobility, so he decided to leave with a handful of men. Upon realizing one of the insurgent boss of Riaño's presence, he ordered an attack on the royalist boss, who, while trying to defend himself, perished. The soldiers, who left with the mayor, removed themselves from the fight carrying the body with them. Seeing dead the mayor, one of the consultants suggested Lieutenant Riano Barceló surrender, and that he, as second in command, should take charge of the situation. Barceló absolutely refused saying that it was a combat and that the military authority, which he represented, was superior to the civilian at that time of war. However, Riaño's advisor got a white handkerchief and tied it to a rifle of a soldier fallen in combat. He began to wave his new flag of peace and upon seeing it the insurgents realized that the Spaniards had decided to surrender. Hidalgo ordered a ceasefire and sent Allende to negotiate with the vanquished. Barceló killed the assistant, who waved the flag, and went up to the roof to continue the bombing. The insurgents realized that they had been deceived and continued the fight. On the insurgent side, Hidalgo considered the possibility of taking the building, but did not want to do it and did not have resources. According to the official version, it was then that Juan Jose de los Reyes Martinez, a miner from La Valenciana famous for his strength and nicknamed El Pípila, asked Hidalgo for permission to set fire to the Alhóndiga gate, which would allow the insurgents to penetrate it. After meditating, the priest accepted and El Pipila took action. After Burning the entrance (reinforced with iron plates) of the Granary, the rebels were able to enter it and began the massacre and looting. Barceló and Riaño's son, both royalist commanders, were killed by the crowd. Also many Spaniards and criollos of lineage were stripped of their belongings and suffered death at the hands of the crowds. The sacking of Guanajuato was not limited only to the Granary, but in the following days, it spread to the city and the metropolitan area. Hidalgo prevented some of his soldiers from staining the body of his friend Riaño, and it was then that he realized the plundering of the city. On October 1, the insurgent troops left Guanajuato. ConsequencesAfter leaving Guanajuato, the rebels took the road to Valladolid, where the inhabitants, after hearing the news, fled to other parts of the country to avoid repeating the action at Guanajuato. Valladolid fell without resistance on October 17, and on October 25, Toluca was taken, with a view to taking the capital. On October 30, the insurgents triumphed in the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. Therefore, the rebels were eager to enter Mexico City, then described by the German traveler Alexander von Humboldt as "The city of palaces." But Hidalgo decided to send Mariano Abasolo and Allende on November 1 as emissaries to negotiate with Venegas the peaceful surrender of the city to the rebel troops. The viceroy, far from accepting an agreement, was about to shoot the negotiators, if not for the intervention of the Archbishop of Mexico and another viceroy, Francisco Javier de Lizana. Hidalgo pondered and, on the night of November 3, ordered the march of the Insurgent Army not to the capital, but to the Bajío, where on November 7 Calleja reached them in San Jerónimo Aculco, a place where they were defeated, known as the Battle of Aculco. After the defeat, a distance arose between Hidalgo and Allende, so the priest of Dolores decided to retire to Valladolid, accentuating the differences and the distancing with Allende. CommenorationThe Toma de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas is commemorated every September 28 with a civic parade in which both the students of the municipality's schools and the local and state government officials participate. In addition, the 28th day of each month takes place inside the Corn Exchange, the renewal ceremony "symbolic fire" of freedom, where the Governor of the State and various invited personalities participate. See Also
1. ^Citado en Colección de documentos de J. E. Hernández y Dávalos, t. II, pp. 116 y 117. BibliographyExternal Sites
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