| 词条 | Draft:Cerebral blood volume |
| 释义 |
PathophysiologyThe typical human adult's nerve skull contains approximately 1500 grams of the brain (including gray matter and white matter), 100-130 milliliters of blood, and 75 milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid. About 15% of the blood volume is present in the arteries, 40% in the veins, and 45% in the nerve tissue and capillaries.[2] There is a difference between the cerebral blood volume of gray and white matter. The cerebral blood volume value of gray matter is about 3.5 +/- 0.4 ml/100g, and the white matter is about 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/100g. The gray matter is nearly twice that of white matter.[3] In both white and gray matter, cerebral blood volume decreases by about 0.50% per year with increasing age.[4] Intracranial hematoma and Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) will cause an increase in cerebral blood volume.[5] The ischemic stroke will cause a substantial reduction in cerebral blood volume.[6] Measurement methodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)The cerebral blood volume maps can be calculated by dynamic magnetic resonance image set obtained by echo planar imaging after intravenous injection of thiol contrast agent.[7] Planar imaging techniques or single high-speed shots provide the necessary resolution for contrast agents to display rapid brain blood movements[8].These magnetic resonance cerebral blood volume imaging methods can be applied to academic research of normal human brain activities and clinical studies of patients with brain tumors.[9][10] Emission computed tomography (ECT)In vivo studies using emission computed tomography gave coefficients of variation for regional cerebral blood volume and cross-sectional cerebral blood volume over 80 minutes.[11]A clear tomographic depiction of cerebral blood volume distribution in human subjects can achieve by using emission computed tomography, which provides real-time measurements of the cerebral hemodynamic parameters.[12] CO administered by a single inhalation is a reliable and accurate blood tracer for measuring cerebral blood volume with emission computed tomography.[13][14] Synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SRCT)Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography (SRCT) uses a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam to measure the value of cerebral blood volume. It allows the sample to be placed away from the detector, thereby avoiding scattering effects.[15] This technique measures absolute contrast concentration with relatively high precision and spatial resolution. Cerebral blood volume measurements are based on methods used in dynamic computed tomography. After a large dose of iodinated contrast agent was injected into the brain tissue, the temporal change in iodine concentration was compared to changes in cerebral arterial input. It is a new method for studying hemodynamic changes in brain pathophysiology, including clinical studies of cerebrovascular diseases or brain tumors.[16] This method will be useful in clinical trials for the further treatment of brain tumors with the help of therapies that can induce changes in cerebral perfusion. Measures the changes in cerebral blood volume in hyper-acute stroke can help predict the development of infarction and select subjects who will benefit from thrombolysis.[17] Clinical applicationGliomaThe treatment of glioma usually requires surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. After the end of treatment, the recurrence of glioma and the radiation effect after treatment must be closely monitored.[18] The types of glioma include glioblastoma with unenhanced anaplastic glioma, low-grade glioma, and enhanced anaplastic glioma.[19] After comparing the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) ratio and histological angiographic analysis of several gliomas, and determining the relationship between the relative cerebral blood volume ratio and several gliomas.[20][21] It can be seen that the cerebral blood volume map pro-vides functional parameters to help glioma grading and to determine the location of the center of the lesion.[22] The cerebral blood volume of glioma obtained by Dynamic Susceptibility-weighted Contrast-enhanced Perfusion magnetic resonance Imaging is significantly correlated with the determination of tumor grade in histopathology.[23] By comparing dynamic susceptibility with enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance imaging, the results can be used to predict disease progression in glioma patients.[24] Patients with gliomas with higher relative cerebral blood volume have a significantly faster disease progression than glioma patients with lower cerebral blood volume.[25] StrokeMagnetic resonance imaging can depict areas of blood volume change in hyperacute strokes. Studies have shown that blood volume in patients with hyperacute stroke increases around diffuse abnormalities, suggesting a compensatory hemodynamic response.[26] Besides, cerebral blood volume values can be used to distinguish between oligemic and infarcted areas. This data can be used to monitor the viability of ischemic brain tissue.[27] For patients with increased cerebral blood volume, their risk of ischemic stroke increases, indicating that their hemodynamic damage is more severe than patients with normal cerebral blood volume. Based on the relative cerebral blood flow measured by magnetic resonance imaging and additional clinical diagnostic information, it is possible to assess the presence of salvageable brain tissue and the risk of bleeding in damaged tissue, thus allowing appropriate treatment for individual patients.[28] Apparent diffusion coefficient abnormalities represent metabolic damage in the brain, while hemodynamic abnormalities represent tissue perfusion abnormalities. The mismatch between these two data can be observed by this method. Relative cerebral blood volume imaging is feasible as a reference for common clinical treatment, and it can be used as a useful predictor when used together with other functional magnetic resonance imaging results. Cerebral blood flowCerebral blood volume has a close and positive correlation with cerebral blood flow (CBF). Both cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow depend on several important parameters, including cerebrovascular resistance, intracranial pressure (ICP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP).[1] The ratio between cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume can be an accurate predictor of decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, thereby predicting cerebral circulation.[29][30] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=LEENDERS|first=K. L.|last2=PERANI|first2=D.|last3=LAMMERTSMA|first3=A. A.|last4=HEATHER|first4=J. D.|last5=BUCKINGHAM|first5=P.|last6=JONES|first6=T.|last7=HEALY|first7=M. J. R.|last8=GIBBS|first8=J. M.|last9=WISE|first9=R. J. 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