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词条 Zagwe dynasty
释义

  1. History

  2. See also

  3. Notes

  4. External links

  5. Further reading

{{Infobox country
|native_name = ዛጔ ሥርወ መንግስት
|conventional_long_name = Zagwe Kingdom
|common_name =  
|year_start = {{circa}} 900/1137
|year_end = 1270
|p1 = Kingdom of Aksum
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Ethiopian Empire
|flag_s1 = Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg
|date_start =
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|image_flag =
|image_flag_size =
|flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Approximate extension of the Zagwe Empire.JPG
|image_map_caption = The Zagwe kingdom and its neighbours
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|capital = Lalibela
|common_languages = Agaw, Ge'ez
|government_type = Monarchy
|leader1 = Mara Takla Haymanot
|year_leader1 = early 12th century
|leader2 = Yetbarak
|year_leader2 = 13th century
|title_leader = King
|legislature =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|stat_area4 =
|population_density3 =
|religion =
|currency =
}}

The Zagwe dynasty (ዛጔ ሥርወ መንግስት) was the ruling dynasty of a Medieval kingdom in present-day northern Ethiopia. The kingdom itself was perhaps called Begwena, after the historical name of the Lasta province.[1] Centered at Lalibela, it ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 900 to 1270, when the last Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the forces of the Abyssinian King Yekuno Amlak. The name of the dynasty is thought to derive from the ancient Ge'ez phrase Ze-Agaw, meaning "Dynasty of the Agaw" in reference to the Agaw people that constituted its ruling class.[2] Zagwe's best-known King was Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, who is credited with having constructed the rock-hewn monolithic churches of Lalibela.

David Buxton has stated that the area under the direct rule of the Zagwe kings "probably embraced the highlands of modern Eritrea and the whole of Tigray, extending southwards to Waag, Lasta and Damot (Wollo province) and thence westwards towards Lake Tana (Begemder)."[3] Unlike the practice of later rulers of Ethiopia, Taddesse Tamrat argues that under the Zagwe dynasty the order of succession was that of brother succeeding brother as king, based on the Agaw laws of inheritance.

History

{{History of Ethiopia}}

Around 960, Queen Gudit destroyed the remnants of the Kingdom of Aksum, causing a shift in its temporal power centre that later regrouped more to the south. For 40 years she ruled over what remained of the kingdom, eventually passing on the throne to her descendants. According to other Ethiopian traditional accounts, the last of her dynasty was overthrown by Mara Takla Haymanot in 1137. He married a daughter of the last king of Aksum, Dil Na'od, putting control of Ethiopia in Agaw hands. Since he married Emperor Dil Na'od's daughter, who was a member of the Solomonic Dynasty, the Zagwes are technically part of the Solomonic lineage. Emperor Mara Tekla Haymanot's marriage and off-spring thereof makes him the only Emperor without known ties to the Biblical King Solomon and Makeda, the Queen of Sheba. Mara Teklehaimanot's ancestry is from Eritrea, in the province called Hamasien. His name starts with Mara or Mirarah because he came from the place in Hamasien called Fishey Mirarah.

The Zagwe period is still shrouded in mystery; even the number of kings in this dynasty is disputed. Some sources (such as the Paris Chronicle, and manuscripts Bruce 88, 91, and 93) give the names of eleven kings who ruled for 354 years; others (among them the book Pedro Páez and Manuel de Almeida saw at Axum) list only five who ruled 143.[4] Paul B. Henze reports the existence of at least one list containing 16 names.[5]

According to Carlo Conti Rossini, the shorter length of this dynasty was the more likely one. He argues that a letter received by the Patriarch of Alexandria John V shortly before 1150 from an unnamed Ethiopian monarch, in which the Patriarch is asked for a new abuna because the current office holder was too old, was from Mara Takla Haymanot, who wanted the abuna replaced because he would not endorse the new dynasty.[6]

The mystery of the Zagwe dynasty is perhaps darkest around its replacement by the revived Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak. The name of the last Zagwe king is lost—the surviving chronicles and oral traditions give his name as Za-Ilmaknun, which is clearly a pseudonym (Taddesse Tamrat translates it as "The Unknown, the hidden one"), employed soon after his reign by the victorious Solomonic rulers in an act of damnatio memoriae. Taddesse Tamrat believes that this last ruler was actually Yetbarak. The end of the Zagwe came when Yekuno Amlak, who proclaimed himself the descendant and rightful heir of Dil Na'od, and acting under the guidance of either Saint Tekle Haymanot or Saint Iyasus Mo'a, pursued the last king of the Zagwe and killed him at the church of St. Qirqos in Gaynt on the north side of the Bashilo River.[7]

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See also

  • Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
  • Ethiopian historiography
  • History of Ethiopia
  • Kings of Axum
  • List of Emperors of Ethiopia

Notes

1. ^Marie-Laure Derat (2010): "The Zagwe dynasty (11-13th centuries) and King Yemrehanna Krestos" in "Annales d'Ethiopie 25". p. 172
2. ^Roland Oliver, The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790, Volume 1, (Cambridge University Press: 1982), p.112.
3. ^David Buxon, The Abyssinians (New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 44
4. ^G.W.B. Huntingford, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/611706 "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies], 28 (1965), p. 8
5. ^Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgave, 2000), p. 50 n.19
6. ^Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 56ff
7. ^G.W.B. Huntingford, "'The Wealth of Kings'", p. 2

External links

  • Ethiopian History
  • Zagwe Genealogy (Royal Ark website)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071130233157/http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/negash.pdf Tekeste Negash, "The Zagwe period re-interpreted: post-Aksumite Ethiopian urban culture"]

Further reading

  • {{fr icon}} {{cite book |last=Derat |first=M.-L. |title=L'énigme d'une dynastie sainte et usurpatrice dans le royaume chrétien d'Ethiopie, XIe-XIIIe siècle |year=2018 |publisher=Brepolis |isbn=978-2-503-57908-5 |ref=harv}}
{{Empires}}

6 : Emperors of Ethiopia|African royal families|Zagwe dynasty|10th-century establishments in Ethiopia|13th-century disestablishments in Ethiopia|States and territories established in the 10th century

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