“Battle of Saule”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Battle of Saule ({{lang-lt|Saulės mūšis or Šiaulių mūšis}}; {{lang-de|Schlacht von Schaulen}}; {{lang-lv|Saules kauja}}) was fought on 22 September 1236, between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and pagan Samogitians. Between 48 and 60 knights were killed, including the Livonian Master, Volkwin. It was the earliest large-scale defeat suffered by the orders in Baltic lands.^[1] The Sword-Brothers, the first Catholic military order established in the Baltic lands, was soundly defeated and its remnants accepted incorporation into the Teutonic Order in 1237. The battle inspired rebellions among the Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, Oeselians, tribes previously conquered by the Sword-Brothers. Some thirty years' worth of conquests on the left bank of Daugava were lost.^[2] To commemorate the battle, in 2000 the Lithuanian and Latvian parliaments declared September 22 to be the Baltic Unity Day.^[3]^[4]

Background

The Sword-Brothers were established in 1202 in Riga to conquer and convert pagan Baltic tribes to Christianity. By the 1230s under the leadership of Master Volkwin, the Order was coping with strained financial resources, decreasing manpower, and ill reputation.^[5] The Order was in conflict with the papacy under Pope Gregory IX and the Holy Roman Emperor, two of its biggest supporters, over Estonia.^[5] However, on 19 February 1236, Pope Gregory IX issued a papal bull declaring a crusade against Lithuania. Volkwin targeted Samogitia, planning to conquer the coast of the Baltic Sea and connect with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. The Sword-Brothers wanted to keep expanding along the Daugava River and was somewhat reluctant to march against Samogitia.^[7] In fall of 1236 a party of crusaders arrived from Holstein; it demanded to be led into a battle.^[5] Volkwin gathered a large war party, which included troops from Pskov Republic,^[6] Livonians, Latgallians, Estonians.^[7]

Events of the battle

The knights marched southward into Samogitia, raiding and plundering local settlements. The locals had only a few days to gather troops for defense. On the knights' northward return, however, they encountered a determined group of Samogitians at a river crossing. Unwilling to risk losing their horses in the swampland, the Holsteiners refused to fight on foot, forcing the knights to camp for the night.^[6] The next morning, on the day of Saint Maurice, the main pagan forces, possibly led by Duke Vykintas, arrived at the camp. The Lithuanian light cavalry flung javelins at short range, which were highly effective against the unwieldy Livonian heavy cavalry. The swampy terrain was advantageous for the lightly armed pagans. The slaughter of the Christian troops, including Volkwin, sowed the seeds of confusion in the Livonian ranks. The lightly armed native forces under the command of the Brothers soon fled from the battle. Those crusaders and knights who tried to flee to Riga were allegedly killed by the Semigallians.^[8]

Location

The exact location where the battle took place is unknown. The Chronicum Livoniae by Hermann de Wartberge mentioned that the battle was fought in terram Sauleorum. Traditionally, this was identified with Šiauliai ({{lang-de|Schaulen}}, {{lang-lv|Šauļi}}) in Lithuania or with the small town of Vecsaule near Bauska in what is today southern Latvia.^[9] In 1965 the German historian Friedrich Benninghoven proposed Jauniūnai village in Joniškis district, Lithuania as the battle site.^[10] The theory gained some academic support and in 2010 the Lithuanian government sponsored construction of the memorial in Jauniūnai – a {{convert|29|m|adj=on}} tall sundial, a pond, and a park of oaks.^[11] The village of Pamūšis, situated some {{convert|10|km}} east of Janiūnai on the Mūša River, also claims to be the location of the battle.^[12] Saule/Saulė means "the Sun" in both Latvian and Lithuanian.

References

1. ^{{cite web| first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |authorlink=Tomas Baranauskas |url=http://www.delfi.lt/archive/article.php?id=10760927 |title=Ar priminsime Europai apie Šiaulių mūšį? | publisher=Delfi.lt | date=2006-09-22 |accessdate=2007-05-09 |language=lt}}
2. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jonas Zinkus |encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija |title=Saulės mūšis |year=1987 |publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija |volume=3 |location=Vilnius |page=633|language=lt|display-editors=etal}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://bnn-news.com/lithuania-latvia-celebrate-baltic-unity-day-133175|title=Lithuania and Latvia celebrate Baltic Unity Day|date=September 19, 2015|publisher=Baltic News Network|accessdate=September 22, 2018}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/latvians-lithuanians-remember-victory-over-crusaders.a293297/|title=Latvians, Lithuanians remember victory over crusaders|date=September 22, 2018|publisher=Public Broadcasting of Latvia|accessdate=September 22, 2018}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|first=William |last=Urban |title=The Prussian Crusade |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |location=Chicago, Illinois |edition=2nd |year=2000 |isbn=0-929700-28-7|pages=142–147}}
6. ^¹²{{cite book| first=Eric| last=Christiansen |title=The Northern Crusades |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1997 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-14-026653-4|pages=102–103}}
7. ^¹{{cite book| first=Edvardas |last=Gudavičius |authorlink=Edvardas Gudavičius |title=Mindaugas |location=Vilnius |publisher=Žara |year=1998 |isbn=9986-34-020-9 |pages=185–188|language=lt}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/S/sa/saules_kauja/raksti/dedumietis.002.htm |title=Saules kaujas 1236.gada 22.septembrī norises rekonstrukcijas mēģinājums |author=Dedumietis, D. |date=2001-11-20 |accessdate=2007-05-10 |language=lv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224034003/http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/S/sa/saules_kauja/raksti/dedumietis.002.htm |archivedate=2007-02-24 |df= }}
9. ^{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Simas Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Lituanica | title=Saulė-Šiauliai, Battle of | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=V | location=Boston, Massachusetts | id={{LCC|74-114275}} | pages=73–74}}
10. ^{{cite journal| first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |title=Naujausių Mindaugo vertinimų labirintai |url=http://viduramziu.istorija.net/vertinimai.htm |journal=Kernavė |date=July 2005|issue=1 |volume=5 |pages=1, 14|language=lt}}
11. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.delfi.lt/archive/article.php?id=28965039 | title=Saulės mūšio memorialui pabaigti skirs milijoną litų |date=2010-02-14 | publisher=Delfi.lt | author=Lithuanian National Radio and Television|language=lt}}
12. ^{{cite journal| title=Baltų vienybės diena – Saulės mūšio atgarsis |first=Vytautas |last=Baškys | url=http://www.culture.lt/satenai/?leid_id=814&kas=straipsnis&st_id=4548 | journal=Šiaurės Atėnai |date=2006-09-23 |issue=814 |issn=1392-7760 |language=lt}}