| 词条 | Draft:Closed Circuit Reverse Osmosis |
| 释义 |
Closed circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) is a form of reverse osmosis (RO). It is a membrane based technology which uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water from dissolved solids such as salt or silicon silica . Unlike other forms of reverse osmosis, closed circuit reverse osmosis uses a “semi batch” process involving a single stage of membranes. The membranes are arranged in parallel arrays, rather than sequentially as seen with other reverse osmosis designs. It is an osmotic process that uses applied pressure to overcome osmotic pressure. Closed circuit reverse osmosis is also characterized as a desalination process.[1] Closed circuit reverse osmosis is being piloted at The Orange County Water District (OCWD) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_recharge|Ground Water Replenishment System] (GWRS), the world's largest advanced water purification system of its kind for potable reuse.[2] Closed circuit reverse osmosis is also being used in a brine minimization project by Padre Dam Municipal Water District in California, a member of the San Diego County Water Authority.[3] The byproduct of closed circuit reverse osmosis is brine. In 2017 German specialty chemicals company Lanxess enhanced its software design tool for ion-exchange resin (IX) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems – by adding a new software module that provides system modeling using Desalitech's closed circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) technology. References1. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2= Emily W.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Maswadeh|first4=Laith A.|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination|journal=Water Research|volume=106|pages=272–282|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029|pmid=27728821|date=2016|hdl=1721.1/105441}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.desalination.biz/news/0/Desalitech-and-CH2M-to-pilot-closed-circuit-tech-in-Orange-County/8609/|title=Desalitech-and-CH2M-to-pilot-closed-circuit-tech-in-Orange-County }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.padredam.org/111/Current-Construction-Projects Closed Circuit Reverse Osmosis |
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