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词条 Draft:Effects of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
释义

  1. Background

     Hurricane Irma  Storm history up to landfall  Infrastructure and recession 

  2. Preparations

  3. Impact

  4. Damage estimates and economic impact

  5. Possible undercounting of fatalities

  6. Aftermath

      Recovery in 2018   Possible leptospirosis outbreak 

  7. Criticism of U.S. government response

     Whitefish Contract 

  8. See also

  9. References

{{Draft article|subject=natural sciences}}{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Maria
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2017
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Maria 2017-09-20 1450Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Maria shortly after landfall in Puerto Rico on September 20
| Duration=September 19–21, 2017
| 1-min winds=135
| Pressure=920
| Damagespre=
| Damages=90000
| Fatalities=2,982 (estimated)
| Areas=Puerto Rico
| Hurricane season=2017 Atlantic hurricane season
}}

Hurricane Maria in September 2017 devastated the entirety of Puerto Rico and caused a major humanitarian crisis. A powerful Category 5 hurricane, Maria was the strongest storm to impact the island in nearly 90 years.

Background

{{storm path|Maria 2017 track.png|left|275px}}

Hurricane Irma

{{see also|1=Hurricane Irma#Puerto Rico|label1=Hurricane Irma's effects in Puerto Rico|2=Hurricane Irma#Puerto Rico 2|label2=Hurricane Irma's aftermath in Puerto Rico}}

Still recovering from Hurricane Irma two weeks prior, approximately 80,000 remained without power as Maria approached.[1]

Storm history up to landfall

Maria first developed into a tropical depression on September 16 while it was located about {{convert|665|mi}} east of Barbados.[2] Quite favorable conditions allowed the storm to gradually strengthen throughout the day, although the center briefly became exposed before a convective burst over the center propelled Maria to hurricane strength late on September 17.[3] Over the next 24 hours, Maria explosively strengthened to Category 5 status just 15 miles (25 km) east-southeast of Dominica,[4][5] before it made landfall shortly afterwards on the island early on September 19.[6] Despite some slight weakening, Maria attained its peak intensity early on September 20, roughly 30 miles (45 km) south of St. Croix, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|175|mph|abbr=on}} and a minimum central pressure of {{convert|908|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.[2]

Maria made its closest approach to St. Croix around 05:00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 miles (35 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the island, but the inner eyewall remained offshore.[7] Hours later, the outer eyewall hit Vieques, an island off of Puerto Rico's eastern coast.[8] By this time, an eyewall replacement cycle had occurred, causing Maria to weaken to Category 4 strength.[9] Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico, just south of Yabucoa, around 10:15 UTC, with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a central pressure of {{convert|920|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.[2] This was the second-most intense hit on the island since record keeping began, with only the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane having been the only Category 5 hurricane to strike the island,[10] although the comparisons between the two are insignificant.

Infrastructure and recession

Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) struggled with increasing debt, reaching $9 billion even before the hurricanes prompting them to file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the company lost 30 percent of its employees since 2012. Aging infrastructure across the island makes the grid more susceptible to damage from storms; the median age of PREPA power plants is 44 years. Inadequate safety also plagues the company and local newspapers frequently describe poor maintenance and outdated controls.[11]

In the decade preceding Maria, Puerto Rico suffered from major financial decline and crippling debt from poor fiscal management. Early in 2017, the territory filed for bankruptcy as its public debt reached $74 billion. A change in taxation policy prompted an exodus of lucrative business and reduced tax revenue; unemployment rates reached 45 percent.[14]

Preparations

Forecasts of Hurricane Maria's track from the National Hurricane Center proved to be "super accurate", with the agency's second advisory—issued on September 16—on the hurricane having it as a major hurricane striking Puerto Rico.[12]

Evacuation orders were issued in Puerto Rico in advance of Maria, and officials announced that 450 shelters would open in the afternoon of September 18.[13] As of September 19, at least 2,000 people in Puerto Rico had sought shelter.[14]

Impact

{{Wettest tropical cyclones in Puerto Rico}}

The storm made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, September 20.[18] A sustained wind of {{convert|64|mph|abbr=on}} with a gust to {{convert|113|mph|abbr=on}} was reported in San Juan, Puerto Rico, immediately prior to the hurricane making landfall on the island. After landfall, wind gusts of {{convert|109|mph|abbr=on}} were reported at Yabucoa Harbor and {{convert|118|mph|abbr=on}} at Camp Santiago.[15] In addition, very heavy rainfall occurred throughout the territory, peaking at 37.9 in (962.7 mm) in Caguas.[16] Widespread flooding affected San Juan, waist-deep in some areas, and numerous structures lost their roof.[17] The coastal La Perla neighborhood of San Juan was largely destroyed.[18] Cataño saw extensive damage, with the Juana Matos neighborhood estimated to be 80 percent destroyed.[19] The primary airport in San Juan, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, was slated to reopen on September 22.[20]

Storm surge and flash flooding—stemming from flood gate releases at La Plata Lake Dam—converged on the town of Toa Baja, trapping thousands of residents. Survivors indicate that flood waters rose at least {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} in 30 minutes, with flood waters reaching a depth of {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} in some areas. More than 2,000 people were rescued once military relief reached the town 24 hours after the storm. At least eight people died due to the flooding while many are unaccounted for.[21]

The hurricane completely destroyed the island's power grid, leaving all 3.4 million residents without electricity.[19][27][22] Puerto Rican governor Ricardo Rosselló stated that it could take months to restore power in some locations,[23] with San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz estimating that some areas would remain without power for four to six months.[24] Communication networks were crippled across the island. Ninety-five percent of cell networks were down with 48 of the island's 78 counties networks being completely inoperable.[27] Eighty-five per cent of above-ground phone and internet cables were knocked out.[25] Only one radio station, WAPA 680 AM, remained on-air through the storm.[27]

The NEXRAD Doppler weather radar of Puerto Rico has also been literally blown away. The radome which covers the radar antenna, and which had to withstand winds of more than 130 mph, was destroyed while the antenna of 30 feet in diameter was blown from the pedestal, the latter remaining intact. The radar is 2800 feet above sea level and the anemometer at the site measured winds of about 145 mph before communications broke, which means winds at that height were likely 20 percent higher than what was seen at sea level. Its replacement will take a few months.[26]

The nearby island of Vieques suffered similarly extensive damage. Communications were largely lost across the island. Widespread property destruction took place with many structures leveled.[27]

The recreational ship Ferrel carrying a family of four issued a distress signal while battling {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} seas and {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} winds on September 20.[36] Communications with the vessel were lost near Vieques on September 20. The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and British Royal Navy conducted search-and-rescue operations utilizing an HC-130 aircraft, a fast response cutter, {{USS|Kearsarge|LHD-3|6}}, {{ship|RFA|Mounts Bay}} and Navy helicopters.[28] On September 21, the mother and her two children were rescued while the father drowned inside the capsized vessel.[29]

Maria's Category 4 winds broke a {{convert|96|ft|m|adj=on}} line feed antenna of the Arecibo Observatory, causing it to fall {{convert|500|ft|m}} and puncturing the dish below, greatly reducing its ability to function until repairs can be made.[30][31]

{{anchor|IV_bags}}Maria caused many factories in Puerto Rico to close, including factories that make IV bags. This led to a shortage of IV bags on the mainland,[32] exacerbating an H3N2 outbreak that killed at least 30 children.[33]

Damage estimates and economic impact

On September 24, Governor Rosselló estimated that the damage from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico was surely over the $8 billion damage by Hurricane Georges.[34] Governor Ricardo Rosselló estimated that Maria caused at least US$ 90 billion in damage.[35][36] Approximately 80 percent of the territory's agriculture was lost due to the hurricane, with agricultural losses estimated at $780 million.[37]

Possible undercounting of fatalities

In the months following Maria, the official death toll relayed from the Government of Puerto Rico came into question by media outlets, politicians, and investigative journalists. Scores of people who survived the hurricane's initial onslaught later died from complications in its aftermath. Catastrophic damage to infrastructure and communication hampered efforts to accurately document the total loss of life. In Corozal, the government listed no fatalities; however, Mayor Sergio Torres Torres disputed this claim having witnessed deaths in-person. A two-week investigation in November 2017 by CNN of 112 funeral homes—approximately half of the island—revealed 499 hurricane-related deaths between September 20 and October 19. Funeral homes became so overwhelmed by the number of bodies that in one instance a facility's director in Vega Alta died from a stress-induced heart attack. Eric Klinenberg, director of New York University's Institute for Public Knowledge, cautioned that the deaths tallied through just funeral homes would still be below the actual death toll as many victims would simply not be sent to such facilities for processing. Deaths related to power outages at Manatí Medical Center were not sent to San Juan for examination according to executive director José S. Rosado. He asserted heart attacks as natural causes; however, this is in direct contrast to government definitions, which include heart attacks as hurricane-related causes.[47]

In a message to the DHS, Representatives Nydia Velazquez and Bennie Thompson wrote, "It would be morally reprehensible to intentionally underreport the true death toll to portray relief efforts as more successful than they are."[48] In contrast, Mónica Menéndez—deputy director of the Bureau of Forensic Sciences—called the claims of hundreds of fatalities incorrect and dismissed them as "rumors". Héctor M. Pesquera called claims of meddling with the death toll "horseshit".[47] In CNN's report, they indicate that at least part of the issue is also related to subjectivity on what counts as a hurricane-related death.[47]

by Month and Year[51]

Reported Deaths in Puerto Rico
201720162015
September2,8382,3662,242
October2,1192,3532,379
Total (Sept. and Oct.)4,9574,7194,621

On October 11, Vox reported 81 deaths directly or indirectly related to the hurricane, with another 450 deaths awaiting investigation. Furthermore, they indicated 69 people were missing.[38] On October 14, CNN reported the number of missing people to be about 117.[39] Between September 20 and October 18, the island's only medical examiner authorized 911 bodies for cremation; however, they were not physically examined and simply given "natural causes" as the cause of death.[40][41] Official statistics showed increases of about 20% and 27% in overall fatalities in Puerto Rico during September 2017, compared to 2016 and 2015, followed by a decrease of about 10% in October 2017 compared to the previous two Octobers.[42][43] There were 238 more reported deaths in September and October 2017 than during the same months in 2016, and 336 more compared to September and October 2015.[43] On November 3, 2017, San Juan Mayor Yulín Cruz said that the actual death toll for Puerto Rico may have been as high as 500, which was more than 10 times higher than the official death toll as of early November 2017.[44] In November 2017, CNN identified 499 deaths on Puerto Rico at 112 funeral homes, about half of the island's funeral homes, which locals said were related to Hurricane Maria.[45]

Two scientists, Alexis Santos and Jeffrey Howard, estimated the death toll in Puerto Rico to be 1,085 by the end of November 2017. They utilized average monthly deaths and the spike in fatalities following the hurricane. The value only accounted for reported deaths, and with limitations to communication the actual toll could have been even higher. By the end of November, the Puerto Rican government maintained that their report of 55 fatalities was the most accurate despite ample contrary evidence collected by media and investigative journalists.[46] Utilizing a similar method, The New York Times indicated an increase of 1,052 fatalities in the 42 days following Maria compared to previous years. Significant spikes in causes deaths compared to the two preceding Septembers included sepsis (+47%), pneumonia (+45%), emphysema (+43%), diabetes (+31%), and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s (+23%).[62] Robert Anderson at the National Center for Health Statistics conveyed the increase in monthly fatalities was statistically significant and likely driven in some capacity by Hurricane Maria.[47]

By mid-December Governor Rosello ordered a recount and new analysis of the official death toll.[48] As of December 9, the official death toll reported by the government was 64.[47]

Aftermath

{{rquote|right|There's a humanitarian emergency here in Puerto Rico.... This is an event without precedent.|Ricardo Rosselló, Governor of Puerto Rico[66]}}

The power grid was effectively destroyed by the hurricane, leaving millions without electricity.[49] Governor Ricardo Rosselló estimated that Maria caused at least US$ 90 billion in damage.[35][36] As of September 26, 95% of the island was without power, less than half the population had tap water, and 95% of the island had no cell phone service.[50] On October 6, a little more than two weeks after the hurricane, 89% still had no power, 44% had no water service, and 58% had no cell service.[51] One month after the hurricane, 88% of the island was without power (about 3 million people), 29% lacked tap water (about 1 million people), and 40% of the island had no cell service. Three months after the hurricane, 45% of Puerto Ricans still had no power, over 1.5 million people.[52] Fourteen percent of Puerto Rico had no tap water; cell service was returning with over 90% of service restored and 86% of cell towers functioning.[53]

Two weeks after the hurricane, international relief organization Oxfam chose to intervene for the first time on American soil since Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[53]

One month after the hurricane, all hospitals were open, but most were on backup generators that provide limited power. About half of sewage treatment plants on the island were still not functioning. FEMA reported 60,000 homes needed roofing help, and had distributed 38,000 roofing tarps.[54] The island's highways and bridges remained heavily damaged nearly a month later. Only 392 miles of Puerto Rico’s 5,073 miles of road were open. Some towns continue to be isolated and delivery of relief supplies including food and water are hampered—helicopters are the only alternative.[55]

As of October 1, there were ongoing fuel shortage and distribution problems, with 720 of 1,100 gas stations open.[56]

The Guajataca Dam was structurally damaged, and on September 22, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for parts of the area in response.[57] Tens of thousands of people were ordered to evacuate the area, with about 70,000 thought to be at risk.[58]

The entirety of Puerto Rico was declared a Federal Disaster Zone shortly after the hurricane.[66] The Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to open an air bridge with three to four aircraft carrying essential supplies to the island daily starting on September 22.[59] Beyond flights involving the relief effort, limited commercial traffic resumed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport on September 22 under primitive conditions. A dozen commercial flights operated daily as of September 26.[60] By October 3, there were 39 commercial flights per day from all Puerto Rican airports, about a quarter of the normal number.[61] The next day, airports were reported to be operating at normal capacity.[62] In marked contrast to the initial relief efforts for Hurricane Katrina and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, on September 22, the only signs of relief efforts were beleaguered Puerto Rican government employees.[63] The territory's government contracted 56 small companies to assist in restoring power.[64] Eight FEMA Urban Search & Rescue (US&R) teams were deployed to assist in rescue efforts.[87]

On September 24, the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Kearsarge|LHD-3|6}} and the dock landing ship {{USS|Oak Hill|LSD-51|6}} under Rear Admiral Jeffrey W. Hughes along with the 2,400 marines of the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit arrived to assist in relief efforts.[65][66][67][68] By September 24, there were 13 United States Coast Guard ships deployed around Puerto Rico assisting in the relief and restoration efforts: the National Security Cutter USCGC James; the medium endurance cutters USCGC Diligence, USCGC Forward, USCGC Venturous, and USCGC Valiant; the fast response cutters USCGC Donald Horsley, USCGC Heriberto Hernandez, USCGC Joseph Napier, USCGC Richard Dixon, and USCGC Winslow Griesser; the coastal patrol boat USCGC Yellowfin; and the seagoing buoy tenders USCGC Cypress and USCGC Elm.[69] Federal aid arrived on September 25 with the reopening of major ports. Eleven cargo vessels collectively carrying 1.3 million liters of water, 23,000 cots, and dozens of generators arrived.[70] Full operations at the ports of Guayanilla, Salinas, and Tallaboa resumed on September 25, while the ports of San Juan, Fajardo, Culebra, Guayama, and Vieques had limited operations.[71] The United States Air Force Air Mobility Command has dedicated eight C-17 Globemaster aircraft to deliver relief supplies.[71] The Air Force assisted the Federal Aviation Administration with air traffic control repairs to increase throughput capacity.[71]

The United States Transportation Command moved additional personnel and eight U.S. Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters from Fort Campbell, Kentucky to Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport to increase distribution capacity.[71] The United States Army Corps of Engineers deployed 670 personnel engaged in assessing and restoring the power grid; as of September 25, 83 generators were installed and an additional 186 generators were en route.[71] As of September 26, agencies of the U.S. government had delivered 4 million meals, 6 million liters of water, 70,000 tarps and 15,000 rolls of roof sheeting.[72] National Guard troops were activated and deployed to Puerto Rico from Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin.[73]

On September 29, the hospital ship {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}} left port at Norfolk, Virginia to help victims of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, and arrived in San Juan on October 3. A couple of days later, the Comfort departed on an around the island tour to assist, remaining a dozen miles off shore.[74] Patients were brought to the ship by helicopter or boat tender after being referred by Puerto Rico's Department of Health. However, most of the 250 bed floating state-of-the-art hospital went unused despite overburdened island clinics and hospitals because there were few referrals.[75][76] Governor Rosselló explained on or about October 17 that "The disconnect or the apparent disconnect was in the communications flow" and added "I asked for a complete revision of that so that we can now start sending more patients over there."[76] After remaining offshore for three weeks, the Comfort docked in San Juan on October 27, briefly departing only once to restock at sea from a naval resupply ship.[74] As of Nov. 8, the Comfort's staff had treated 1,476 patients, including 147 surgeries and two births.[77]

On September 27, the Pentagon reopened two major airfields on Puerto Rico and started sending aircraft, specialized units, and a hospital ship to assist in the relief effort; Brigadier General Richard C. Kim, the deputy commanding general of United States Army North, was responsible for coordinating operations between the military, FEMA and other government agencies, and the private sector.[78] Massive amounts of water, food, and fuel either had been delivered to ports in Puerto Rico or were held up at ports in the mainland United States because there was a lack of truck drivers to move the goods into the interior; the lack of communication networks hindered the effort as only 20% of drivers reported to work.[79] As of September 28, the Port of San Juan had only been able to dispatch 4% of deliveries received and had very little room to accept additional shipments.[80] As of September 28, 44 percent of the population remained without drinking water and the U.S. military was shifting from "a short term, sea-based response to a predominantly land-based effort designed to provide robust, longer term support" with fuel delivery a top priority.[81] A joint Army National Guard and Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) team established an Installation Staging Base at the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station; they transported via helicopter Department of Health and Human Services assessment teams to hospitals across Puerto Rico to determine medical requirements.[81] On September 29, the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp which had been providing relief activities to the island of Dominica was diverted to Puerto Rico.[82] As of September 30, FEMA official Alejandro de la Campa stated that 5% of electricity, 33% of the telecommunications infrastructure, and 50% of water services had been restored to the island.[83]

On September 28, 2017, Lieutenant General Jeffrey S. Buchanan was dispatched to Puerto Rico to lead all military hurricane relief efforts there and to see how the military could be more effective in the recovery effort, particularly in dealing with the thousands of containers of supplies that were stuck in port because of "red tape, lack of drivers, and a crippling power outage".[85][86] On September 29 he stated that there were not enough troops and equipment in place but more would be arriving soon.[87]

With centralized fossil-fuel-based power plants and grid infrastructure expected to be out of commission for weeks to months, some renewable energy projects were in the works, including the shipment of hundreds of Tesla Powerwall battery systems to be integrated with solar PV systems[88] and Sonnen solar microgrid projects at 15 emergency community centers; the first were expected to be completed in October.[89] In addition, other solar companies jumped into help, including Sunnova and New Start Solar. A charity called Light Up Puerto Rico raised money to both purchase and deliver solar products, including solar panels, on Oct. 19.[90]

Many TV and movie stars donated money to hurricane relief organizations to help the victims of Harvey and Maria. Prominently, Jennifer Aniston pledged a million U.S. dollars, dividing the amount equally between the Red Cross and The Ricky Martin Foundation for Puerto Rico. Martin's foundation had raised over three million dollars as of October 13.[91]

On October 10, 2017, Carnival Cruise Lines announced that it would resume departures of cruises from San Juan on October 15, 2017.[92] On October 13, both CNN and The Guardian reported that Puerto Ricans were drinking water that was being pumped from a well at an EPA Superfund site;[93][124] the water was later determined to be safe to drink.[94]

On October 13, the Trump administration requested $4.9 billion to fund a loan program that Puerto Rico could use to address basic functions and infrastructure needs.[95] As of October 20, only 18.5% of the island had electricity, 49.1% of cell towers were working, and 69.5% of customers had running water, with the slowest restoration in the north.[96] Ports and commercial flights were back to normal operations, but 7.6% of USPS locations, 11.5% of supermarkets, and 21.4% of gas stations were still closed.[96] 4,246 people were still living in emergency shelters, and tourism was down by half.[96] As of November 5, more than 100,000 people had left Puerto Rico for the mainland.[97] A December 17 report indicated that 600 people remained in shelters while 130,000 had left the island to go to the mainland.[98]

Recovery in 2018

Puerto Rico is a major manufacturer of medical devices and pharmaceuticals, representing 30% of its economy.[99] These factories shut down or greatly reduced production because of the hurricane, and have been slowly recovering since.[133] This has caused a months long shortage in medical supplies in the United States, especially IV bags.[134][100] Small IV bags often come prefilled with saline or common drugs in solution, and have forced health care providers to scramble behind the scenes for alternative methods of drug delivery.[101][102] In January 2018, when the shortage was projected to ease, flu season hit and lead to a spike in patients.[102]

By the end of January 2018, approximately 450,000 people remained without power island-wide.[103] On February 11, an explosion and fire damaged a power substation in Monacillo,[104] causing a large blackout in northern parts of the island including San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Guaynabo, Carolina, Caguas, and Juncos. Cascading outages affected areas powered by substations in Villa Betina and Quebrada Negrito. Approximately 400 megawatts of electricity production.[103]

Possible leptospirosis outbreak

An outbreak of leptospirosis may have affected survivors in the weeks following the hurricane. The bacterial infection is contracted through water contaminated with animal urine, with an incubation period of 2 to 30 days. Since large areas of Puerto Rico were without tap water, residents were forced to use other sources of water that may be contaminated, such as local streams. By October 23, four people were suspected of having died from the disease while 74 others were suspected of being infected.[105] There were 18 confirmed cases, 4 confirmed deaths and 99 suspected cases by November 7.[106] Puerto Rico averages 5 cases of leptospirosis per month under normal conditions. Despite the possibility of an outbreak, officials did not deem the situation being as dire.[105]

Criticism of U.S. government response

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) did not immediately waive the Jones Act for Puerto Rico, which prevented the commonwealth from receiving any aid and supplies from non-U.S.-flagged vessels from U.S. ports.[107] A DHS Security spokesman said that there would be enough U.S. shipping for Puerto Rico, and that the limiting factors would be port capacity and local transport capacity.[108][108][109][110] The Jones Act was waived for a period of ten days starting on September 28 following a formal request by Puerto Rico Governor Rosselló.[111]

San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz called the disaster a "terrifying humanitarian crisis" and on September 26 pleaded for relief efforts to be sped up.[112] The White House contested claims that the administration was not responding effectively.[113] General Joseph L. Lengyel, Chief of the National Guard Bureau, defended the Trump Administration's response, and reiterated that relief efforts were hampered by Puerto Rico being an island rather than on the mainland.[114] President Donald Trump responded to accusations that he does not care about Puerto Rico: "Puerto Rico is very important to me, and Puerto Rico -- the people are fantastic people. I grew up in New York, so I know many people from Puerto Rico. I know many Puerto Ricans. And these are great people, and we have to help them. The island is devastated."[115] Frustrated with the federal government's "slow and inadequate response", relief group Oxfam announced on October 2 that it planned to get involved in the humanitarian aid effort, sending a team to "assess a targeted and effective response" and support its local partners' on-the-ground efforts.[116]

On October 2, 2017, Oxfam released a rare statement. "While the US government is engaged in relief efforts, it has failed to address the most urgent needs. Oxfam has monitored the response in Puerto Rico closely, and we are outraged at the slow and inadequate response the US Government has mounted,” said Oxfam America’s president Abby Maxman. “Oxfam rarely responds to humanitarian emergencies in the US and other wealthy countries, but as the situation in Puerto Rico worsens and the federal government’s response continues to falter, we have decided to step in. The US has more than enough resources to mobilize an emergency response, but has failed to do so in a swift and robust manner.”[117] In an update on October 19, the agency called the situation in Puerto Rico "unacceptable" and called for "a more robust and efficient response from the US government".[118]

On October 3, 2017, President Trump visited Puerto Rico. He compared the damage from Hurricane Maria to that of Hurricane Katrina, saying: "If you looked — every death is a horror, but if you look at a real catastrophe like Katrina, and you look at the tremendous hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of people that died, and you look at what happened here with really a storm that was just totally overbearing, nobody has seen anything like this (...) What is your death count as of this morning, 17?".[119] Trump's remarks were widely criticized for implying that Hurricane Maria was not a "real catastrophe".[120][121] While in Puerto Rico, Trump also distributed canned goods and paper towels to crowds gathered at a relief shelter[122] and told the residents of the devastated island "I hate to tell you, Puerto Rico, but you've thrown our budget a little out of whack, because we've spent a lot of money on Puerto Rico, and that's fine. We saved a lot of lives."[123]

On October 12, Trump tweeted, "We cannot keep FEMA, the Military & the First Responders, who have been amazing (under the most difficult circumstances) in P.R. forever!",[124] prompting further criticism from lawmakers in both parties;[125] Mayor Cruz replied, "You are incapable of empathy and frankly simply cannot get the job done."[126] In response to a request for clarification on the tweet from Governor Rosselló, John F. Kelly assured that no resources were being pulled and replied: "Our country will stand with those American citizens in Puerto Rico until the job is done".[127]

{{clear}}

After visiting Puerto Rico about two months after the hurricane, Refugees International issued a report that severely criticized the slow response of the federal authorities, noted poor coordination and logistics, and indicated the island was still in an emergency mode and in need of more help.[98]

Whitefish Contract

Soon after the hurricane struck, Whitefish Energy, a small Montana-based company with only two full-time employees, was awarded a $300 million contract by PREPA, Puerto Rico's state-run power company, to repair Puerto Rico's power grid, a move considered by many to be highly unusual for several reasons.[168] The company contracted more than 300 personnel, most of them subcontractors, and sent them to the island to carry out work. PREPA cited Whitefish's comparatively small upfront cost of $3.7 million for mobilization as one of the main reasons for contracting them over larger companies. PREPA Executive Director Ricardo Ramos stated: "Whitefish was the only company -- it was the first that could be mobilized to Puerto Rico. It did not ask us to be paid soon or a guarantee to pay".[128] No requests for assistance had been made to the American Public Power Association by October 24.[128] The decision to hire such a tiny company was considered highly unusual by many, such as former Energy Department official Susan Tierney, who stated: "The fact that there are so many utilities with experience in this and a huge track record of helping each other out, it is at least odd why [the utility] would go to Whitefish”.[168] Several representatives, both Democrats and Republicans, also voiced their concern over the choice to contract Whitefish instead of other companies.[128] As the company was based in Whitefish, Montana, the hometown of US Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, and one of Zinke's sons had once done a summer internship at Whitefish, Zinke knew Whitefish's CEO personally. These facts led to accusations of privatization and cronyism, though Zinke dismissed these claims and stated that he had no role in securing the contract.[129] In addition, Donald Trump himself, not just his cabinet, may having been involved in Whitefish obtaining the contract, as Whitefish's primary investor, HBC Investments, was founded by a prominent donor of Donald Trump.[130]

In a press release on October 27, FEMA stated it did not approve of PREPA's contract with Whitefish and cited "significant concerns".[131] Governor Rosselló subsequently ordered an audit of the contract's budget. DHS Inspector General John Roth led the FEMA audit while Governor Rosselló called for a second review by Puerto Rico's Office of Management and Budget.[132] The governor then demanded that the contract be called; this was executed on October 29.[133]

See also

  • 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane – only Category 5 hurricane landfall on record in Puerto Rico
  • 1932 San Ciprian hurricane – last hurricane to make landfall in Puerto Rico at Category 4 strength or higher.
  • Hurricane Georges in 1998 – the last major hurricane to strike Puerto Rico
  • Hurricane Hugo in 1989 – the last Category 4 hurricane to strike Saint Croix

References

1. ^{{cite news|first1=Brian|last1=Sullivan|first2=Ezra|last2=Fieser|publisher=Bloomberg|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=Maria Latest Threat to Puerto Rico After $1 Billion Irma Hit|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/hurricane-maria-heads-for-puerto-rico-after-dominica-strike}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152017_Maria.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Maria|author=Richard J. Pasch, Andrew B. Penny, and Robbie Berg|date=April 5, 2018|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|accessdate=April 10, 2018|format=PDF}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.006.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 6|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}
4. ^{{cite report|first1=Daniel|last1=Brown|first2=Eric|last2=Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 18, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.update.09182345.shtml}}
5. ^{{cite report|first=Daniel|last=Brown|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 18, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Special Discussion Number 11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.011.shtml}}
6. ^{{cite report|first1=Daniel|last1=Brown|first2=Eric|last2=Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 18, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.update.09190132.shtml}}
7. ^{{cite report|first=Eric|last=Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.update.09200458.shtml}}
8. ^{{cite report|first=Eric|last=Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.update.09200759.shtml}}
9. ^{{cite report|first=Richard|last=Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 17|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.017.shtml}}
10. ^{{cite news|author=José de Córdoba and Joseph De Avila|title=Hurricane Maria Slams Into Puerto Rico|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hurricane-maria-slams-into-puerto-rico-1505907575|publisher=Wall Street Journal|location=San Juan, Puerto Rico|date=September 20, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite news|first=Steven|last=Mufson|agency=The Washington Post|newspaper=The Star|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 22, 2017|title=Puerto Rico’s electric company was already $9 billion in debt before hurricanes hit|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/09/21/puerto-ricos-electric-company-was-already-9-billion-in-debt-before-hurricanes-hit.html}}
12. ^{{cite news|author=Andrew Freedman|publisher=Mashable|date=September 29, 2017|accessdate=October 13, 2017|title=Trump administration got a 5-day warning that Maria would be a disaster, so why the surprise?|url=http://mashable.com/2017/09/29/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-humanitarian-crisis-accurate-forecasts/}}
13. ^{{Cite news|title=Hurricane Maria upgraded to 'extremely dangerous' Category 4, islands including Puerto Rico brace for impact|last1=Shapiro|first1=Emily|last2=Hoyos|first2=Joshua|last3=Golembo|first3=Max|last4=Allen|first4=Karma|publisher=ABC News|date=September 18, 2017}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria.html|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Puerto Rico Braces for ‘Potentially Catastrophic’ Hit by Hurricane Maria|author1=Luis Ferré-Sadurní|author2=Frances Robles|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Hurricane Maria Public Advisory|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/|website=National Hurricane Center|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=20 September 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm 'Destroyed Us'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico.html|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=22 September 2017}}
17. ^1 {{cite news|first1=Luis|last1=Ferré-Sadurní|first2=Anemona|last2=Hartocollis|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=Maria Strikes, and Puerto Rico Goes Dark|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico-power.html}}
18. ^{{cite news|publisher=WREG|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 23, 2017|title=‘Despacito’ made this neighborhood famous. Hurricane Maria left it in ruins|url=http://wreg.com/2017/09/22/despacito-made-this-neighborhood-famous-hurricane-maria-left-it-in-ruins/}}
19. ^1 {{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm ‘Destroyed Us’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico.html}}
20. ^{{cite news|last1=Yan|first1=Holly|title=Maria kills 15 people in Dominica, leaves Puerto Rico in the dark for months|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/21/americas/hurricane-maria-dominican-republic-puerto-rico/index.html|accessdate=September 21, 2017|publisher=Cable News Network|date=September 21, 2017}}
21. ^{{cite news|first=Luis|last=Ferré-Sadurní|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 23, 2017|title=In a Puerto Rican Town, ‘Water Came Out of Nowhere’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/us/puerto-rico-toa-baja-hurricane-.html}}
22. ^{{cite news|publisher=BBC|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|title=Whole of Puerto Rico without power|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41340392}}
23. ^{{cite web|publisher=CNN|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=Puerto Rico governor: Power could be out for months|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/20/americas/hurricane-maria-caribbean-islands/index.html}}
24. ^{{cite news|first1=Gadi|last1=Schwartz|first2=Alex|last2=Johnson|first3=Daniel|last3=Arkin|publisher=NBC|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=All Power Out as Hurricane Maria’s Winds, Floods Crush Puerto Rico|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/hurricane-maria-makes-landfall-puerto-rico-category-4-storm-n802911}}
25. ^{{cite web|last1=Coghlan|first1=Andy|title=Thousands of Puerto Ricans evacuated as dam threatens to breach|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148561-thousands-of-puerto-ricans-evacuated-as-dam-threatens-to-breach/|website=newscientist.com|publisher=New Scientist Magazine|accessdate=29 September 2017|date=26 September 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/puerto-rico-radar-demolished-hurricane-maria|title=Puerto Rico Radar Obliterated After It Takes a Direct Hit From Hurricane Maria|author=Jonathan Belles| date=September 25, 2017|work=The Weather Channel|access-date=October 4, 2017}}.
27. ^{{cite news|author=Juliana Rose Pignataro|newspaper=International Business Times|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 23, 2017|title=Vieques Devastated By Hurricane Maria, New Pictures And Videos Reveal Wreckage|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/vieques-devastated-hurricane-maria-new-pictures-videos-reveal-wreckage-2592578}}
28. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 21, 2017|title=The Latest: Boat missing off Puerto Rico with 4 aboard|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article174535966.html}}
29. ^1 {{cite news|first=Erin|last=Dooley|publisher=ABC News|date=September 21, 2017|accessdate=September 22, 2017|title=Woman, children rescued from capsized ship near Puerto Rico|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/vessel-carrying-adults-children-missing-puerto-rico/story?id=50005789}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/arecibo-radio-telescope-damaged-puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-science/|title=Hurricane Damages Giant Radio Telescope—Why It Matters|last=Drake|first=Nadia|work=National Geographic|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/09/20/arecibo-observatory-puerto-ricos-famous-radio-telescope-is-battered-by-hurricane-maria/?utm_term=.2f284f5d92e4|title=Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico’s famous telescope, is battered by Hurricane Maria|last=Kaplan|first=Sarah|work=The Washington Post|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Flu Widespread in 46 States|url=https://weather.com/news/trending/video/flu-widespread-in-46-states|website=weather.com|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=13 January 2018|pages=00:25–00:36|language=English|date=10 January 2018|format=vido|quote=To make matters worse there's a shortage of IV bags The plants in Puerto Rico that make them were shut down when Hurricane Maria hit}}
33. ^{{cite web|last1=Wright|first1=Pam|title=Flu Epidemic Has 'a Lot More Steam' Than Expected; At Least 30 Children Dead|url=https://weather.com/health/news/2018-01-20-flu-update-cases-widespread-states-epidemic|website=www.weather.com|publisher=The Weather Channel|accessdate=21 January 2018|language=English|date=20 January 2018|quote=At least 30 children have died from the flu.}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/puerto-rico-tallies-up-devastation-from-hurricane-maria-1506294520|title=Puerto Rico Tallies Up Devastation From Hurricane Maria|author=Jose de Cordoba|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=September 24, 2017|accessdate=September 25, 2017}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/puerto-rico-new-death-toll-hurricane-maria-trump-visit|title=Hurricane death toll in Puerto Rico more than doubles to 34, governor says|agency=Associated Press|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}
36. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/10/04/world/puerto-rico-governor-raises-hurricanes-official-death-toll-34-damage-tab-90-billion/#.WdS3lK4pCEc|title=Puerto Rico governor raises hurricane’s official death toll to 34, damage tab to $90 billion|publisher=Japan Times|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}
37. ^{{cite news|author=Frances Robles and Luis Ferré-Sadurní|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 24, 2017|accessdate=September 25, 2017|title=Puerto Rico’s Agriculture and Farmers Decimated by Maria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/24/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-agriculture-.html}}
38. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/10/11/16424356/puerto-rico-official-hurricane-maria-death-toll|title=Everything that's been reported about deaths in Puerto Rico is at odds with the official count|work=Vox|access-date=October 13, 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|last1=Gallón|first1=Natalie|last2=Sterling|first2=Joe|title=Puerto Rico's death toll from Hurricane Maria climbs to 48|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/14/us/puerto-rico-recovery/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=October 14, 2017|date=October 14, 2017}}
40. ^{{cite news|publisher=Buzz Feed|author=Nidhi Prakash|date=October 27, 2017|accessdate=December 3, 2017|title=Puerto Rico's Government Just Admitted 911 People Died After The Hurricane — Of "Natural Causes"|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/nidhiprakash/puerto-rico-natural-causes}}
41. ^{{cite tweet|author=David Begnaud|user=DavidBegnaud|date=October 28, 2017|accessdate=October 28, 2017|title=911 is the # of “natural deaths” authorized for cremation (by the sole medical examiner on the island) from 9/20 to 10/18 - questions remain|number=924286047827013637}}
42. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/a64526dd9e314f3aa9de8de6ebd4117a |title=Puerto Rico reports increase in overall deaths after storm|last=Coto|first=Danica|date=November 11, 2017|work=Associated Press|access-date=November 12, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
43. ^1 Calculation from provided monthly statistics.
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/03/politics/san-juan-mayor-puerto-rico-the-lead-cnntv/index.html|title=San Juan mayor: Hurricane death toll could be 10 times higher than reported|author=Amanda Golden|date=November 4, 2017|accessdate=November 5, 2017}}
45. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/21/health/pesquera-responds-puerto-rico-death-count-invs/index.html|title=After CNN investigation, Puerto Rico asks funeral homes to help identify hurricane deaths|author1=Sutter, J.D.|author2=Santiago, L.|author3=Shah, K.|date=November 21, 2017|accessdate=December 3, 2017}}
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47. ^1 2 {{cite news|author=Frances Robles, Kenan David, Sheri Fink, and Sarah Almukhtar|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 9, 2017|accessdate=February 2, 2018|title=Official Toll in Puerto Rico: 64. Actual Deaths May Be 1,052.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/08/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-death-toll.html}}
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51. ^{{cite web|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=FEMA buried updates on Puerto Rico. Here they are.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/10/06/fema-buried-updates-on-puerto-rico-here-they-are/|website=Washington Post|accessdate=October 6, 2017|date=October 6, 2017}}
52. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/us/puerto-rico-power-outage.html|title=Three Months After Maria, Roughly Half of Puerto Ricans Still Without Power|last=Robles|first=Frances|date=December 29, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Bidgood|first2=Jess}}
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57. ^{{cite news|title=Hurricane Maria Live Updates: Structural Damage at Dam Prompts Evacuations in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico.html|website=The New York Times|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}
58. ^{{cite news|title=Post Nation 70,000 in Puerto Rico urged to evacuate immediately as dam is in 'imminent' danger of failure|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/09/22/at-least-6-dead-in-puerto-rico-due-to-hurricane-maria-officia|publisher=The Washington Post|last1=Schmidt|first1=Samantha|last2=Somashekhar|first2=Sandhya|last3=Cassady|first3=Daniel|date=September 22, 2017|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}
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73. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/How-the-Connecticut-National-Guard-is-helping-12229855.php|title=How the Connecticut National Guard is helping hurricane victims in Puerto Rico|author=Cedar Attanasio|date=September 26, 2017|newspaper=Connecticut Post|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}* {{cite news|url=http://wtnh.com/2017/09/26/ct-national-guard-helps-puerto-rico/|title=CT National Guard sends troops to help Puerto Rico|author=Bob Wilson|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=WTNH}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2017/09/21/kentucky-national-guard-hurricane-relief/689387001/|title=First Irma, now Maria: Kentucky National Guard on rescue missions in Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico|author=Taylor M. Riley|date=September 21, 2017|newspaper=Kentucky Courier-Journal|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.alamogordonews.com/story/news/local/holloman/2017/09/26/kentucky-air-national-guard-establishes-air-hub-hurricane-maria-relief/705253001/|title=Kentucky Air National Guard establishes air hub for Hurricane Maria relief|author=Lt. Col. Dale Greer|date=September 26, 2017|newspaper=Alamo Grodo Daily News|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/wisconsin/2017/09/26/wisconsin-national-guard-communications-specialists-deploy-puerto-rico/706175001/|title=Wisconsin National Guard communications specialists deploy to Puerto Rico|author=Meg Jones|date=September 26, 2017|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|accessdate=September 27, 2017}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.kcrg.com/content/news/Iowa-Guard-deploying-to-Puerto-Rico-447830493.html|title=Iowa Guard deploying to Puerto Rico|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=KCRG}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.wqlz.com/2017/09/24/illinois-national-guardsmen-deploy-to-kuwait-puerto-rico/|title=Illinois National Guardsmen Deploy To Kuwait, Puerto Rico|date=September 24, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=WQLZ}}* {{cite news|url=http://abc7ny.com/weather/riding-along-with-ny-air-national-guard-in-puerto-rico/2450120/|title=Riding along with NY Air National Guard in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria|author=Joe Torres|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=ABC7 New York}}* {{cite news|url=http://auburnpub.com/blogs/eye_on_ny/how-new-york-is-helping-puerto-rico-after-hurricane-maria/article_05f2abf4-a18c-11e7-abf9-c78d161e724b.html|title=How New York is helping Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria|author=Robert Harding|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=Auburn Pub}}* {{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/national-guard-units-across-the-country-join-puerto-rico-relief-effort-1054656067627|title=National Guard Units Across the Country Join Puerto Rico Relief Effort|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=CBS News}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.wjcl.com/article/savannah-air-national-guard-providing-puerto-rico-disaster-relief/12480271|title=Savannah Air National Guard providing Puerto Rico disaster relief|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 27, 2017|publisher=WJCL}}
74. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/hospital-ship-treats-more-patients-at-pier-than-at-sea|title=Hospital Ship Helps More Puerto Ricans at the Pier than at Sea|website=The Maritime Executive|accessdate=9 November 2017}}
75. ^{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Daniela|title=A U.S. Navy Hospital Ship Was Sent to Puerto Rico—It’s Barely Been Used|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-a-u-s-navy-hospital-ship-in-puerto-rico-has-hardly-been-used-1508433604|website=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=9 November 2017|date=19 October 2017}}
76. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/16/health/puerto-rico-hospital-ship/index.html|title=There's a hospital ship waiting for sick Puerto Ricans -- but no one knows how to get on it|last=Santiago|first=Leyla|date=October 17, 2017|work=CNN|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Simon|first2=Mallory}}
77. ^{{cite web|title=USNS Comfort Restocks to Continue Post-Hurricane Care|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1367372/usns-comfort-restocks-to-continue-post-hurricane-care/|website=U.S. Department of Defense|accessdate=9 November 2017}}
78. ^{{cite web |last=Lamothe |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/09/27/after-pleas-for-more-help-pentagon-sends-one-star-general-to-lead-puerto-rico-recovery/ |title=After pleas for more help, Pentagon sends one-star general to lead Puerto Rico recovery |date=September 27, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=September 28, 2017}}
79. ^CNN: "Vital aid stranded at Puerto Rico's main port" By Patrick Gillespie, Rafael Romo and Maria Santana September 27, 2017
80. ^CNN: "Puerto Rico's aid is trapped in thousands of shipping containers" by Patrick Gillespie, Rafael Romo and Maria Santana September 28, 2017
81. ^1 [https://www.army.mil/article/194489/army_dod_officials_provide_update_on_hurricane_relief_efforts U.S. Army: "Army, DOD officials provide update on hurricane relief efforts"] September 28, 2017
82. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/military/nation/navy-sending-another-combat-ship-to-hurricane-ravaged-puerto-rico/article_be0098a4-5f46-52f7-bf14-c9c5f9d79d3f.html The Virginian-Pilot: "Navy sending another combat ship to hurricane-ravaged Puerto Rico" by Dan Lamothe] September 29, 2017
83. ^CNN: "Puerto Ricans fire back at Trump for critical tweets" By Ralph Ellis September 30, 2017
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85. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/28/aid-trickling-into-puerto-rico-but-thousands-supplies-still-stuck-port/711894001/|title=U.S. military dispatches three-star general to Puerto Rico amid charges of supply snafus|last=Stanglin|first=Doug|work=USA Today|accessdate=September 30, 2017}}
86. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/28/politics/pentagon-general-to-lead-puerto-rico-efforts/index.html|title=Pentagon names 3-star general to lead Puerto Rico efforts|last1=Starr|first1=Barbara|last2=Cohen|first2=Zachary|date=September 28, 2017|work=CNN|accessdate=September 30, 2017}}
87. ^{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/defense/353137-not-enough-troops-equipment-in-puerto-rico-says-general-in-charge-of-relief|title='Not enough' troops, equipment in Puerto Rico, says general in charge of relief|last=Mitchell|first=Ellen|date=September 29, 2017|work=The Hill|accessdate=October 1, 2017}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2017/09/28/tesla-battery-puerto-rico-power/|title=Tesla Is Helping Puerto Rico Get Power After Hurricane Maria|last=Korosec|first=Kirsten|date=September 28, 2017|work=Fortune}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-02/puerto-rico-to-get-power-relief-from-german-microgrid-supplier|title=Puerto Rico to Get Power Relief From German Microgrid Supplier|last=Martin|first=Chris|date=October 2, 2017|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}
90. ^{{Cite news|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/10/10/solar-rushes-in-to-re-light-hope-in-puerto-rico/|title=Solar rushes in to re-light hope in Puerto Rico|work=pv magazine USA|access-date=October 10, 2017|language=en-US}}
91. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jennifer-aniston-puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-relief-donation-a7998696.html|title=Jennifer Aniston has donated $1 million to Puerto Rico to help with Hurricane Maria relief|last=Shepard|first=Jack|date=October 13, 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
92. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/cruises/2017/10/10/carnival-resume-sailings-san-juan-puerto-rico-sunday/749383001/ USA Today: "Carnival to resume sailings from San Juan, Puerto Rico on Sunday" by Gene Sloan] October 10, 2017
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95. ^CNN: "San Juan mayor slams Trump over tweets: He's a 'hater-in-chief'" By Leinz Vales October 13, 2017
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103. ^1 {{cite news|author=Leyla Santiago and Susannah Cullinane|publisher=CNN|date=February 12, 2018|accessdate=February 12, 2018|title=Explosion cuts power in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/11/us/puerto-rico-power/index.html}}
104. ^{{cite news|author=Scott Neuman|publisher=NPR|date=February 12, 2018|accessdate=February 12, 2018|title=Explosion At Substation Plunges Parts Of Puerto Rico Into Darkness Once Again|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/12/585016644/explosion-at-substation-plunges-parts-of-puerto-rico-into-darkness-once-again}}
105. ^1 {{cite news|author=Emma Curtis |publisher=AccuWeather|date=October 23, 2017|accessdate=October 24, 2017|title=What is leptospirosis, the deadly disease spreading in hurricane-ravaged Puerto Rico?|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/disease-in-marias-aftermath-puerto-rico-what-is-leptospirosis/70003046}}
106. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/estilo-vida/2017/11/07/aumenta-la-cantidad-casos-sospechosos-confirmados-leptospirosis-puerto-rico.html|title=Aumenta la cantidad de casos sospechosos y confirmados de leptospirosis en Puerto Rico|last=Cordero|first=David|date=November 7, 2017|work=Metro|access-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/2017/9/29/fact-checking-inaccurate-news-about-jones-act|title=Fact-Checking Inaccurate News About the Jones Act|date=September 29, 2017|publisher=}}
108. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/puerto-rico-maria-irma-hurricane-waiver-to-bring-vital-fuel-and-supplies-to-island-a7969156.html|title=America denies Puerto Rico request for waiver to bring vital fuel and supplies to island|date=September 27, 2017|publisher=}}
109. ^{{cite news|author=Ed Pilkington|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017|title=Trump finally responds to Puerto Rico crisis, saying island has 'massive debt'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/26/trump-puerto-rico-crisis-massive-debt}}
110. ^{{cite news|author=Nelson Denis|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017|title=The Law Strangling Puerto Rico|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/opinion/hurricane-puerto-rico-jones-act.html}}
111. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/white-house-waives-jones-act-in-response-to-puerto-rico-devastation/|title=White House waives Jones Act in response to Puerto Rico devastation|publisher=CBS News}}
112. ^{{cite news|author=Daniella Silva and Sandra Lilley|publisher=NBC News|date=September 27, 2017|accessdate=September 29, 2017|title=Mayor Issues ‘S.O.S.’ as Puerto Ricans Scramble to Help Most Vulnerable|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/puerto-ricans-scramble-help-most-vulnerable-residents-supplies-dwindle-n805006}}
113. ^{{cite web|publisher=BBC|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017|title=Does Trump care about Puerto Rico's hurricane victims?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41398263}}
114. ^{{cite news|author=Ellen Mitchell|newspaper=The Hill|date=September 26, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017|title=National Guard leaders says he's seen no delay in federal help to Puerto Rico|url=http://thehill.com/policy/defense/352444-national-guard-leaders-says-hes-seen-no-delay-in-federal-help-to-puerto-rico}}
115. ^{{cite news |last1=Stracqualursi |first1=Veronica |last2=Kelsey |first2=Adam |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-visit-hurricane-ravaged-puerto-rico-amid-criticism/story?id=50101038 |title=Trump to visit hurricane-ravaged Puerto Rico, says he is 'very proud' of response |date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=September 27, 2017}}
116. ^{{cite web|last1=Hui|first1=Mary|title=Donald Trump criticised by Oxfam for 'slow and inadequate' Puerto Rico response|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-oxfam-puerto-rico-response-criticism-relief-effort-hurricane-maria-a7982381.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=October 5, 2017}}
117. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/despite-desperate-shortages-us-fails-to-mount-robust-response-in-puerto-rico/|title=Despite desperate shortages, US fails to mount robust response in Puerto Rico|website=www.oxfamamerica.org|access-date=October 9, 2017}}
118. ^{{cite web|publisher=Oxfam America|date=October 19, 2017|accessdate=October 19, 2017|title=One month on, millions of Puerto Ricans still caught in crisis|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/press/one-month-on-millions-of-puerto-ricans-still-caught-in-crisis/}}
119. ^{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/media/353637-trump-compares-hurricane-maria-katrina-death-counts |title=Trump compares Hurricane Maria, Katrina 'death counts' |work=The Hill |date=October 3, 2017 |first=Jonathan |last=Easley}}
120. ^{{cite news |url=http://people.com/politics/trump-compares-puerto-rico-to-real-catastrophe-like-katrina/ |title=Donald Trump Boasts Puerto Rico Should Be ‘Proud’ More Haven’t Died Like in ‘a Real Catastrophe Like Katrina’ |work=People |date=October 3, 2017 |first=Lindsay |last=Kimble}}
121. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-visits-puerto-rico_us_59d3640de4b0655781554854 |title=Trump Downplays Puerto Rico’s Suffering, Says It’s Not A ‘Real Catastrophe Like Katrina’ |work=Huffington Post |first1=Willa |last1=Frej |first2=Marina |last2=Fang |date=October 3, 2017}}
122. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-s-roll-puerto-rico-n807216 |title=Trump Throws Paper Towels to Hurricane Victims in Puerto Rico |first=Ali |last=Vitali |date=October 3, 2017 |work=NBC News}}
123. ^{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/353634-trump-puerto-rico-has-thrown-our-budget-a-little-out-of-whack |first=Jonathan |last=Easley |date=October 3, 2017 |work=The Hill |title=Trump: Puerto Rico has 'thrown our budget a little out of whack'}}
124. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-trump-puerto-rico-aid-20171012-story.html |title=Trump lashes out at Puerto Rico as House passes $36.5 billion aid package | work=Chicago Tribune | date=October 12, 2017 | accessdate=October 13, 2017 | last1=Thomas | first1=Ken | last2=Taylor | first2=Andrew }}
125. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-threat-to-abandon-puerto-rico-recovery-sparks-a-backlash/2017/10/12/cf0d0abe-af62-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html |title=Trump threat to abandon Puerto Rico recovery sparks a backlash | work=Washington Post | date=October 12, 2017 | accessdate=October 13, 2017 | last1=Rucker | first1=Philip | last2=Hernández | first2=Arelis R. | last3=Roig-Franzia | first3=Manuel }}
126. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/12/trump-criticises-puerto-rico-hurricane-aid-cannot-go-on-forever |title=Trump hints at ending aid as Puerto Ricans forced to drink polluted water | work=The Guardian | date=October 12, 2017 | accessdate=October 13, 2017 | last1=Milman | first1=Oliver| last2=Holpuch | first2=Amanda}}
127. ^1 {{cite news|author=Peter Baker and Caitlin Dickerson|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2017|accessdate=October 13, 2017|title=Trump Warns Storm-Ravaged Puerto Rico That Aid Won’t Last ‘Forever’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-warns-puerto-rico-weeks-after-storms-federal-help-cannot-stay-forever.html}}
128. ^1 2 {{cite news|author1=Erin Dooley|author2=Stephanie Ebbs|author3=Joshua Hoyos|publisher=ABC News|date=October 24, 2017|accessdate=October 25, 2017|title=Lawmakers asking why small Montana business landed $300M Puerto Rico power restoration contract|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-small-montana-business-landed-300m-puerto-rico/story?id=50682108}}
129. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/small-montana-firm-lands-puerto-ricos-biggest-contract-to-get-the-power-back-on/2017/10/23/31cccc3e-b4d6-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html|title=Small Montana firm lands Puerto Rico’s biggest contract to get the power back on|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=2017-10-23|work=Washington Post|access-date=2017-10-24|last2=Gillum|first2=Jack|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|last3=Davis|first3=Aaron C.|last4=Hernández|first4=Arelis R.}}
130. ^{{Cite news | title = $300m Puerto Rico Recovery Contract Awarded to Tiny Utility Company Linked to Major Trump Donor | first = Ken | last = Klippenstein |newspaper = The Daily Beast | date = October 24, 2017 | url = https://www.thedailybeast.com/dollar300m-puerto-rico-recovery-contract-awarded-to-tiny-utility-company-linked-to-major-trump-donor }}
131. ^{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|date=October 27, 2017|accessdate=October 27, 2017|title=FEMA cites concerns over repair contract in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-puertorico-power/fema-cites-concerns-over-repair-contract-in-puerto-rico-idUSKBN1CW1X1|archivedate=October 27, 2017|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6uWuETCTU}}
132. ^{{cite news|author=Oren Dorell|newspaper=USA Today|date=October 27, 2017|accessdate=October 27, 2017|title=Puerto Rico's Gov. Rosselló orders audit of Whitefish contract to fix power grid|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/10/26/puerto-ricos-gov-rossello-orders-audit-whitefish-contract-fix-power-grid/803095001/}}
133. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/29/560683583/puerto-rican-governor-calls-for-cancellation-of-controversial-whitefish-contract|title=Puerto Rico's Power Authority Cancels Controversial Whitefish Contract|publisher=}}

4 : 2017 natural disasters|2017 in Puerto Rico|History of Puerto Rico|Hurricanes in Puerto Rico
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