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词条 Draft:Elimination of infectious diseases
释义

  1. Elimination

      Microelimination    Elimination as a step in disease extinction  

  2. References

  3. External links

{{AFC submission|d|exists|Eradication of infectious diseases|u=CunningNance|ns=118|decliner=AngusWOOF|declinets=20190326080056|ts=20190326061406}} {{AFC submission|d|reason|Still reads like an essay. Also, large portions of the article are unsourced.|u=CunningNance|ns=118|decliner=Sulfurboy|declinets=20190326032546|small=yes|ts=20190325062253}} {{AFC submission|d|essay|u=CunningNance|ns=2|decliner=StraussInTheHouse|declinets=20190323120528|small=yes|ts=20190323084720}} {{AFC comment|1=Eradication of infectious diseases article covers the elimination aspect, in that the term is applied to local geographical areas. Elimination already redirects. AngusWOOF (bark • sniff) 23:52, 27 March 2019 (UTC)}}{{AFC comment|1=Needs clarification on how eradication and elimination are different. You can use Dowdle's article but it should also be agreed upon by multiple researchers and groups. AngusWOOF (bark • sniff) 23:48, 27 March 2019 (UTC)}}{{AFC comment|1=Elimination = Eradication for the most part. AngusWOOF (bark • sniff) 08:00, 26 March 2019 (UTC)}}

Elimination

Elimination is a concept in public health and epidemiology.[1][2] Elimination is the ending of transmission of a disease or infection in a defined population or geographic area.[2][3] In Dowdle's influential 1998 definition, elimination is divided into elimination of disease, and elimination of infection.

  • Definitions proposed by Dowdle:[2]
    • Elimination of infections: Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required. Example: measles, poliomyelitis.
    • Elimination of disease: Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required. Example: neonatal tetanus.

Tools for elimination very according to the nature of the disease and interventions available.[4] Typically they include sensitization, community mobilization, vaccination, prophylaxis, outreach for diagnosis and/or mass treatment, vector control, and identification and blocking of routes of transmission.[5][6]

In practice, somewhat looser definitions are often used.[7] WHO defined elimination of neonatal tetanus as less than one case per 1000 live births in every district in every country, for example.[8] A disease may be eliminated before transmission is eliminated, because some pathogens remain infectious and can persist long-term in the environment, infecting people even when there is no one left in the area who has the disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one such pathogen. With other diseases, elimination of new infections or elimination of transmission may occur before elimination of the disease. This is typical of diseases with a long course, a latent phase, or a potential for chronic infection. Many diseases fall into this category, including tuberculosis, malaria and viral hepatitis B, C, and D. In this case, there may be people with the disease even when there are no new infections. When transmission is stopped, elimination of transmission can be achieved even when elimination of disease will be delayed.

Once a disease is eliminated from an area or population, there may be new cases which appear, but it is no longer endemic.[7] In practice, elimination is a phase where the disease is no longer a public health threat, but becomes an individual health issue. Diseases that have wild-animal reservoirs, such as malaria, rabies, and ebola virus disease are more difficult to eliminate, but it can be done.[9][10]

Microelimination

The micro-elimination approach identifies transmission networks and eliminates the disease in each one, until elimination is achieved in a larger area.[11][12][13]

Elimination as a step in disease extinction

In public health, elimination is one step in a spectrum of response to disease, especially of an infectious disease.[4] The first step is control, when incidence and prevalence of the condition or disease is reduced in a particular setting or population.[2] The next step is elimination, and for some diseases there is a possibility of a third step of eradication[14] from the entire world. After eradication, there may still be samples of the disease-causing agent stored in laboratories or other inaccessible places, so the final step in controlling a disease is extinction when all existing organisms are destroyed.[15] In addition, at any stage except extinction, there may be a stage of re-emergence.[16]

Some diseases which the WHO has established as eliminated are:

See also: List of diseases eliminated from the United States.

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cockburn|first=T. A.|date=1961-04-07|title=Eradication of infectious diseases|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13694225|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=133|issue=3458|pages=1050–1058|issn=0036-8075|pmid=13694225}}
2. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a7.htm|title=The Principles of Disease Elimination and Eradication|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2019-03-23}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Molyneux|first=David H.|last2=Hopkins|first2=Donald R.|last3=Zagaria|first3=Nevio|date=2004|title=Disease eradication, elimination and control: the need for accurate and consistent usage|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471492204001564|journal=Trends in Parasitology|language=en|volume=20|issue=8|pages=347–351|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2004.06.004|via=}}
4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Justin M.|last2=Langmuir|first2=Alexander D.|date=1963|title=The Philosophy of Disease Eradication|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253856/|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–6|issn=0002-9572|pmc=1253856|pmid=14013067|via=}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9841-3049|title=department-of-control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases;hr|website=Human Rights Documents online|access-date=2019-03-25}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mohith Mathew|date=2013-06-29|title=Disease elimination.|url=https://www.slideshare.net/mohithmathew/disease-elimination-community-medicine-topic}}
7. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.mm/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Pu8jJ1tThHAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&ots=GZTINedfE1&sig=G36yroPkaYPtBxkGr6prT-ATfJU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Eradication of Infectious Diseases|last=Dowdle|first=W. R.|last2=Hopkins|first2=Donald|date=1998-03-06|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471980896|language=en}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/immunization/topics/maternal_neonatal_tetanus_elimination/maternal_neonatal_tetanus_elimination/en/|title=World Health Organization, Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination|website=SEARO|access-date=2019-03-25}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/elimination/overview/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Overview of malaria elimination|website=WHO|access-date=2019-03-23}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lancet|first=The|date=2011-09-24|title=Malaria: control vs elimination vs eradication|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61489-X/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=378|issue=9797|pages=1117|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61489-X|issn=0140-6736|pmid=21943689}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Thursz|first=Mark|last2=Colombo|first2=Massimo|last3=Wiktor|first3=Stefan|last4=Lazarus|first4=Jeffrey V.|date=2017-10-01|title=Micro-elimination – A path to global elimination of hepatitis C|url=https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(17)32141-4/abstract|journal=Journal of Hepatology|language=English|volume=67|issue=4|pages=665–666|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.033|issn=0168-8278|pmid=28760329}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lazarus|first=Jeffrey|last2=Safreed-Harmon|first2=Kelly|last3=Thursz|first3=Mark|last4=Dillon|first4=John|last5=El-Sayed|first5=Manal|last6=Elsharkawy|first6=Ahmed|last7=Hatzakis|first7=Angelos|last8=Jadoul|first8=Michel|last9=Prestileo|first9=Tullio|date=2018|title=The Micro-Elimination Approach to Eliminating Hepatitis C: Strategic and Operational Considerations|url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1666841|journal=Seminars in Liver Disease|language=en|volume=38|issue=03|pages=181–192|doi=10.1055/s-0038-1666841|issn=0272-8087|via=}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEcLDc9-EEE|title=Lazarus on Microelimination|last=|first=|date=|website=r.search.yahoo.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-23}}
14. ^{{Citation|title=Eradication of infectious diseases|date=2019-03-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&oldid=888799655|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/2/editorial10206html/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Control, elimination, eradication and re-emergence of infectious diseases: getting the message right|website=WHO|access-date=2019-03-23}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Heymann|first=David L|last2=Rodier|first2=Guénaël|date=1997|title=Reemerging pathogens and diseases out of control|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673697900696|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=349|pages=S8–S9|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)90069-6|via=}}

External links

  • https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a7.htm
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