1. References

(1)            In 1667, Aurangzeb Alamgir abolished 'rahdari' toll - tax,  across the empire; causing heartburn in regions like Khyber Pass^[2], where there were few other sources of income.

(2)            This coupled with allegations of molesting Safi tribes women by the Mughal^[3] soldiers at Kunar, caused widespread resentment. When fellow tribesmen killed the offenders, Mohammed Amin Khan, the Deputy of Mughal Emperor at Kabul, response, aggravated the situation.

(3)            In 1672, Darya Khan Afridi rose in revolt and closed the Khyber pass, not allowing a caravan to pass to Kabul. Considering that both Peshawar and Kabul were in Mughal hands, it was a brave and audacious act to do.

(4)            Amin Khan while going back from Peshawar to Kabul, he entered the Khyber pass alongwith his 15,000 strong Mughal army, followed by the entourage of camp. Darya Khan Afridi supported by other tribes let them pass unmolested upto Ali Masjid, and ambushed them at the narrowest point. Arrows, stones, bullets and boulders rained down on the hapless Mughal army. The armed tribes under the direct command of Tatar khan Afridi, brother of Darya Khan, swooped down on them from all sides and slaughtered the entire army. only 4 persons survived^[4]. Money and kind were looted and 20,000 non combatants were imprisoned and sent off to Central Asia to be sold as slaves. Amin Khan had to pay hug ransom for his own family out^[5].

(5)            This great resounding victory, and immense riches gained by Darya khan, brought many Pashtun tribes together. Khushal Khan Khattak^[6] and Aimal Khan Mohmand joined Darya Khan. Khushal Khan's poetry inspired them to unite against a common enemy. The Afridis, Shinwaris, Mohmands, Safi and many tribes participated. The recently suppressed Yusufzai's recovered their lands from Mughal occupation.

(6)            In June 1667, Aurangzeb had to move himself to Hasan Abdal. He employed every trick in the book - sam, daam, dand, bhed. He bribed tribe, dug into age old rivalries of tribes and poured Rajputs and the best of Aurangzeb's Pathan warriors - Aga Khan and Diler Khan into the conflict.^[7]

(7)            Finally, in 1676, a settlement was reached, which involved an annual payment of 12 lakhs by Mughals to the tribes and Aurangzeb returned to Agra.

References

• Over the Rainbow (Kylie Minogue song)
• Over the Rainbow (Livingston Taylor album)
• Over the Rainbow/My Destiny
• Over The Rainbow (Organization)
• Over the Rainbow (organization)
• Over the Rainbow (Showtunes album)
• Over The Rainbow (tv series)
• Over The Rainbow (TV series)
• Over There (TV Series)
• Over The Rhine
• Over-the-Rhine Historic District
• Over-the-Rhine Historic District (Cincinnati, Ohio)
• Over-The-Rhine, Ohio
• Over the shoulder shot
• Over the Shoulder Shot
• Over-the-top
• Over the top
• Over the top (disambiguation)
• Over The Top (film)
• Over the Top (song)
• Over The Treetops
• Over the Under
• Over the Wall We Go
• Over the Wine Dark Sea
• Over The Years And Through The Woods