| 词条 | Draft:Free Burghers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Settlement at the CapeEuropean WorkforceThe Dutch East India Company had been formed in the Dutch Republic in 1602, and the Dutch had entered keenly into the competition for the colonial and imperial trade of commerce in Southeast Asia. The end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 saw European soldiers and refugees widely dispersed across Europe. Immigrants from Germany, Scandinavia, and Switzerland journeyed to Holland in the hope of finding employment at the VOC[2] Beyond this, the Company filled its ranks with farm labourers, artisans and unskilled workers from both rural and urban areas who spoke a number of variations of French, Dutch, German and Scandanavian languages. Contractors were contractually obliged to remain in the employment of the Company for a minimum of five years excluding the six months that the journey could have taken and were not permitted to return home during this time.[2] Protestant work ethic{{Main|Protestant work ethic}}The Protestant work ethic, the Calvinist work ethic[3] or the Puritan work ethic{{efn|Especially in the United States.}}[4] is a work ethic concept in theology, sociology, economics and history that emphasizes that hard work, discipline and frugality[5] are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith, particularly Calvinism. One of the causes for the Dutch Golden Age are attributed to the migration of skilled craftsmen to the Dutch Republic of which Protestants were especially well-represented. Economists Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O'Rourke attribute part of the Dutch ascendancy to its Protestant work ethic based on Calvinism, which promoted thrift and education. This contributed to "the lowest interest rates and the highest literacy rates in Europe. The abundance of capital made it possible to maintain an impressive stock of wealth, embodied not only in the large fleet but in the plentiful stocks of an array of commodities that were used to stabilize prices and take advantage of profit opportunities."[6] The first freemenIn 1656 Commander Jan van Riebeeck considered the idea of freemen at the Cape, he was of the opinion that the cost of supplying housing and protection to such free households would be to great. The Directors of the VOC however, were in favour to establish freemen all about, under favourable conditions. [7] Harman’s ColonyOn the 21st of February 1657, following an application process where the best applicants were selected, a party of five were allowed to select land which they could occupy and use as freemen. They chose an area about fifteen kilometres away from the Fort de Goede Hoop on the other side of the Liesbeek River. They were allowed to select a piece of land as long and broad as they wished it, on condition that they were to remain on the other side of the river. The area of land which they occupied were named Amstel, or the Groene veld.[7]
Stephen’s ColonyAnother party of four selected a spot nearer to the fort next to the Liesbeek River at Rondebosch opposite the Groenevelt. The area which were allocated to the freemen of Stephen's Colony were named Hollandsche Tuin (English: Dutch Garden). [7]
Free burgher statusOn the 19th of February 1657 Commander Jan van Riebeeck traveled to a spot about 19km to the flats behind Table Mountain to select a spot where a fort could be constructed to protect the lands which were to be cultivated. European workers on several occasions asked permissions from the Commander of the Cape at the time, Mr Van Riebeeck, to be discharged from the service of the VOC, in order to cultivate the lands and on the 20th of February Van Riebeeck accompanied them to mark out their plots and draw up preliminary conditions.[7] Servants of the VOC could return to their homes in Europe after their term of service had been carried out. Yet some workers chose to be discharged from service earlier than their term in order to live permanently at the Cape. The families of the free burghers were then brought from Europe to South Africa. Others after serving their term of service at the VOC also decided to stay at the Cape rather than returning to Europe who also received free burgher status. After the founding of the two free burgher colony's in February 1657 many more requested to be discharged from the service of the VOC. Letters of freedom weren't issued to everyone who applied because on the 25th of September 20 applications were received and only five of them were enrolled as freemen.[7] Some of the men received limited free burgher status with conditions favorable to both the VOC and the applicant. Limited in terms of the duration of term which the applicant would be allowed to maintain free burgher status. The durations of the five who were enrolled as free burghers in September 1657 is as follows;[7]
Settlement Map{{legend|PaleGreen|Company's Garden, at Rondebosch}}{{legend|yellow|Company's grain-fields, at Groote Schuur}}{{legend|#ac6600|Land Granted to Free Burghers in 1657 at Groeneveld (Stephen's Colony) and Dutch Garden (Harman's Colony)[7]}}{{legend|red|Military forts and watch-houses}}{{legend|purple|Company's orchards, near the Fort of Good Hope}}{{legend|DeepPink|Jan van Riebeeck's farms}}{{legend|orange|Boundary fence which were later by a hedge also known as Van Riebeeck's Hedge}}{{legend|white|text= 1|Oliphant Street (to-day Longmarket Street)}}{{legend|white|text= 2|Reijger Street Street (to-day Shortmarket Street)}}{{legend|white|text= 3|Heere Street Street (to-day Castle Street)}}{{legend|white|Small freehold farms granted later|outline=brown}}{{legend|white|text= 4|Otto van Vrede and J Cornelissen}}{{legend|white|text= 5|S. Botma and H Elbrechts}}{{legend|white|text= 6|J. Martens de Wacht}}{{legend|white|text= 7|H. Reyniers}}{{legend|white|text= 8|H.C. Hoogervelt and H. ter Schelhoorn}}{{legend|white|text= 9|Cornelis Claassen and D Meyer}}{{legend|white|Rivers and water indication|outline=blue}}Living ConditionsOccupationsThe early free burghers were mostly petty officers with families, who drew money instead of rations, and who could derive a portion of their food from their gardens, as well as make a trifle occasionally by sale of vegetables through. The opportunities to become a successful entrepreneur were abundant and many skilled Europeans applied for free burgher status. The VOC had built a corn mill which were operated by the use of horses, but after a short time it was decided to make use of the water of the fresh river as a motive power. The tender for the construction of the mill was awarded to free burgher Wouter Mostert and when it was in working order he took charge of it and received income on shares of payments made for grinding.[8] Some of the men who had received land established themselves as farmers while others took service with the farmers as farm workers. Leendert Cornelissen, a ships carpenter, who received a grant of a strip of forest at the foot of the mountain. His object was to cut timber for sale, all kinds of which prices were fixed by the council while Elbert Dirksen and Hendrik van Surwerden made a living as tailors. Most received their free papers because they possessed a certain useful skill such as Christian Janssen and Peter Cornelissen who had been expert hunters in the Company's service. Most free burghers negotiated deals with the VOC which were beneficial to both the Company and the burgher such as Dr Jan Vetteman, the surgeon of the fort who arranged for a monopoly of practice in his profession. [8] Applicants received land in accordance to the purposes for which the land were to be used while carefully taking into consideration the set of skills and experiences possessed by each individual. Roelof Zieuwerts, for instance, received a small piece of forest where he could make a living as a waggon and plough maker. Martin Vlockaart, Pieter Jacobs and Jan Adriansen maintained themselves as fishermen, while Pieter Kley, Dirk Vreem and Pieter Heynse made a living by sawing and selling yellow wood plank as well as to work their occupation as carpenters. [8] SlavesThe merchant vessel named Amersfoort had rescued 250 Angolan slaves from a Portuguese slaver on the Brazilian coast. The vessel arrived on the 28th of March 1658 at Table Bay. The settlers immediately assisted the ships crew and the rescued slaves with refreshments. The tedious journey at sea had its toll on the crew and slaves as the Amersfoort arrived with 323 men whereof 29 dead and 30 sick.[7] EducationThe first school to be built in South Africa were for the purpose of educating the rescued slaves from the Amersfoort. However, the school were later also used to educate the children of the free burghers. At school, the children were taught to read and write and to compile accounts in gulden and strivers. The school fees were equal to one half shilling per month for each child of a burgher. The slave and Khoisan children were taught free of charge or Pro Deo. GovernanceTradeDuring a visit from the commissioner Rijcklof van Goens in 1657, several regulations concerning the burghers were drawn up as well as copius instructions on general guidance of the government. The following restriction were placed on servants of the Company, which greatly benefitted the burghers since they were no longer regarded as servants; [8]
Burgher CouncilThe free burghers nominated persons among them who could serve as representatives at the Council meetings at the Cape. The first burgher Councillor (Dutch title: burgherraden), Steven Jansz, were appointed in 1657 by the Hon. Rijcklof van Goens. The following year he was joined by hi colleague Hendrik Boom to serve as burgherraden in the Council.[7] Population growthDutch Free ImmigrantsThe authorities of the East India Company had been endeavouring to induce gardeners and small farmers to emigrate from Europe to South Africa, but with little success. Now and again they were able to send out to their eastern possessions a few families who were attracted by the tales of wealth. But the Cape had little charm in comparison. In October 1670, however, the Chamber of Amsterdam announced that a few families were willing to leave for the Cape and Mauritius during the following December. Among the new names of burghers at this time are found those of Jacob and Dirk van Niekerk, Johannes van As, Francois Villion, Jacob Brouwer, Jan van Eden, Hermanus Potgieter, Albertus Gildenhuis, and Jacobus van den Berg. [9] French HuguenotsDuring 1688–1689, the colony was greatly strengthened by the arrival of nearly two hundred French Huguenots. Political refugees from the religious wars in France, following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, they were settled at Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, Franschhoek and Paarl.[10] The influence of this small body of immigrants on the character of the Dutch settlers was marked. The Company in 1701 directed that only Dutch should be taught in the schools. This resulted in the Huguenots assimilating by the middle of the 18th century, with a loss to the community in the use and knowledge of French. The little settlement gradually spread eastwards, and in 1754 the country as far as Algoa Bay was included in the colony. Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/afrikaner Category:South African peopleCategory:Cape ColonyCategory:History of South AfricaCategory:Settlers of South Africa2. ^1 A Demographic History of Settler South Africa, Jeanne Alexandra Cilliers, March 2016, p 7 3. ^The Idea of Work in Europe from Antiquity to Modern Times by Catharina Lis 4. ^{{cite book |last=Ryken |first=Leland |date=2010 |title=Worldly Saints: The Puritans As They Really Were |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox7aNVgljlMC&pg=PT51 |publisher=Harper Collins |pages=51– |isbn=978-0-310-87428-7}}] 5. ^{{cite web|title=Protestant Ethic|url=http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/protesta.htm|website=Believe: Religious Information Source}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9585.pdf|title=Commodity Market Integration, 1500–2000|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Precis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope, January 1656 - December 1658, Riebeeck's Journal &c, H.C.V Leibrandt, Part II, Cape Town 1897. 8. ^1 2 3 4 History of South Africa (1486 - 1691), G.M. Theal, London 1888, p88 - 94 9. ^History of South Africa, G.M Theal, London 1888, P205 - 206 10. ^H. C. Viljoen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20091025222633/http://geocities.com/sa_stamouers/huguenots.htm The Contribution of the Huguenots in South Africa], 25 OCtober 2009 |
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