“Zernike polynomials”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In mathematics, the Zernike polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are orthogonal on the unit disk. Named after optical physicist Frits Zernike, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics and the inventor of phase-contrast microscopy, they play an important role in beam optics.^[1]^[2]

Definitions

where m and n are nonnegative integers with n ≥ m, φ is the azimuthal angle, ρ is the radial distance

, and R^m_n are the radial polynomials defined below. Zernike polynomials have the property of being limited to a range of −1 to +1, i.e.

. The radial polynomials R^m_n are defined as

Other representations

Rewriting the ratios of factorials in the radial part as products of binomials shows that the coefficients are integer numbers:

A notation as terminating Gaussian hypergeometric functions is useful to reveal recurrences, to demonstrate that they are special cases of Jacobi polynomials, to write down the differential equations, etc.:

The factor

in the radial polynomial

may be expanded in a Bernstein basis of

for even

times a function of

for odd

in the range

. The radial polynomial may therefore be expressed by a finite number of Bernstein Polynomials with rational coefficients:

Noll's sequential indices

Applications often involve linear algebra, where integrals over products of Zernike polynomials and some other factor build the matrix elements.

To enumerate the rows and columns of these matrices by a single index, a conventional mapping of the two indices n and m to a single index j has been introduced by Noll.^[3] The table of this association

starts as follows {{OEIS|A176988}}.

The rule is that the even Z (with even azimuthal part m,

) obtain even indices j, the odd Z odd indices j. Within a given n, lower values of |m| obtain lower j.

OSA/ANSI standard indices

Fringe/University of Arizona indices

The Fringe indexing scheme is used in commercial optical design software and optical testing.^[5]^[6]

Properties

Orthogonality

where

(sometimes called the Neumann factor because it frequently appears in conjunction with Bessel functions) is defined as 2 if

and 1 if

. The product of the angular and radial parts establishes the orthogonality of the Zernike functions with respect to both indices if integrated over the unit disk,

where

is the Jacobian of the circular coordinate system, and where

and

are both even.

Zernike transform

Any sufficiently smooth real-valued phase field over the unit disk

can be represented in terms of its Zernike coefficients (odd and even), just as periodic functions find an orthogonal representation with the Fourier series. We have

where the coefficients can be calculated using inner products. On the space of

functions on the unit disk, there is an inner product defined by

Alternatively, one can use the known values of phase function G on the circular grid to form a system of equations. The phase function is retrieved by the unknown-coefficient weighted product with (known values) of Zernike polynomial across the unit grid. Hence, coefficients can also be found by solving a linear system, for instance by matrix inversion. Fast algorithms to calculate the forward and inverse Zernike transform use symmetry properties of trigonometric functions, separability of radial and azimuthal parts of Zernike polynomials, and their rotational symmetries.

Symmetries

where

could as well be written

because

is even for the relevant, non-vanishing values.

The periodicity of the trigonometric functions implies invariance if rotated by multiples of

radian around the center:

Recurrence relations

The Zernike polynomials satisfy the following recurrence relation which depends neither on the degree nor on the azimuthal order of the radial polynomials:^[8]

From the definition of

it can be seen that

and

. The following three-term recurrence relation^[9] then allows to calculate all other

The above relation is especially useful since the derivative of

can be calculated from two radial Zernike polynomials of adjacent degree:^[9]

Examples

Radial polynomials

Zernike polynomials

The first few Zernike modes, with OSA/ANSI and Noll single-indices, are shown below. They are normalized such that

Applications

The functions are a basis defined over the circular support area, typically the pupil planes in classical optical imaging at visible and infrared wavelengths through systems of lenses and mirrors of finite diameter. Their advantages are the simple analytical properties inherited from the simplicity of the radial functions and the factorization in radial and azimuthal functions; this leads, for example, to closed-form expressions of the two-dimensional Fourier transform in terms of Bessel functions^[10]^[11]. Their disadvantage, in particular if high n are involved, is the unequal distribution of nodal lines over the unit disk, which introduces ringing effects near the perimeter

, which often leads attempts to define other orthogonal functions over the circular disk.^[12]^[13]^[14]

In precision optical manufacturing, Zernike polynomials are used to characterize higher-order errors observed in interferometric analyses.

In optometry and ophthalmology, Zernike polynomials are used to describe aberrations of the cornea or lens from an ideal spherical shape, which result in refraction errors.

They are commonly used in adaptive optics, where they can be used to characterize atmospheric distortion. Obvious applications for this are IR or visual astronomy and satellite imagery.

Another application of the Zernike polynomials is found in the Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory of diffraction and aberrations.

Zernike polynomials are widely used as basis functions of image moments. Since Zernike polynomials are orthogonal to each other, Zernike moments can represent properties of an image with no redundancy or overlap of information between the moments. Although Zernike moments are significantly dependent on the scaling and the translation of the object in a region of interest (ROI), their magnitudes are independent of the rotation angle of the object.^[15] Thus, they can be utilized to extract features from images that describe the shape characteristics of an object. For instance, Zernike moments are utilized as shape descriptors to classify benign and malignant breast masses^[16] or the surface of vibrating disks^[17]. Zernike Moments also have been used to quantify shape of osteosarcoma cancer cell lines in single cell level.^[18]

Higher dimensions

The concept translates to higher dimensions D if multinomials

in Cartesian coordinates are converted to hyperspherical coordinates,

, multiplied by a product of Jacobi polynomials of the angular variables. In

dimensions, the angular variables are spherical harmonics, for example. Linear combinations of the powers

define an orthogonal basis

satisfying

(Note that a factor

is absorbed in the definition of R here, whereas in

the normalization is chosen slightly differently. This is largely a matter of taste, depending on whether one wishes to maintain an integer set of coefficients or prefers tighter formulas if the orthogonalization is involved.) The explicit representation is

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last = Zernike |first = F. |year = 1934 |title = Beugungstheorie des Schneidenverfahrens und Seiner Verbesserten Form, der Phasenkontrastmethode |journal= Physica |volume=1 |number= 8 |doi=10.1016/S0031-8914(34)80259-5|bibcode=1934Phy.....1..689Z |pages = 689–704}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Born, Max, and Wolf, Emil|title=Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9780521642224|pages=986|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Principles_of_Optics.html?id=aoX0gYLuENoC|edition=7th}}
3. ^{{cite journal|first1=R. J.|last1=Noll|title=Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence|journal=J. Opt. Soc. Am.|volume=66|year=1976|url=ftp://ftp.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/pub/pub/jtur044/references/fitting/NOLL1976.pdf|doi=10.1364/JOSA.66.000207|page=207|bibcode=1976JOSA...66..207N|issue=3}}
4. ^{{cite journal|first1=L. N.|last1=Thibos|first2=R. A.|last2=Applegate|first3=J. T.|last3=Schwiegerling|first4=R.|last4=Webb|title=Standards for reporting the optical aberrations of eyes|journal=Journal of Refractive Surgery|volume=18|issue=5|year=2002|url=http://voi.opt.uh.edu/2000-JRS-standardsforrepotingtheopticalaberrationsofeyes.pdf|page=S652–60}}
5. ^Loomis, J., "A Computer Program for Analysis of Interferometric Data," Optical Interferograms, Reduction and Interpretation, ASTM STP 666, A. H. Guenther and D. H. Liebenberg, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 71-86.
6. ^{{cite conference|conference=Proc SPIE |volume=4771|pages=276-286|year=2002|doi=10.1117/12.482169|title=Orthogonality of Zernike polynomials | first1=V. L. |last1=Genberg |first2=G. J. |last2=Michels|first3=K. B. |last3=Doyle|book-title=Optomechanical design and Engineering 2002}}
7. ^{{cite article|first1=V. | last1=Lakshminarayanan|first2=Andre |last2=Fleck|doi=10.1080/09500340.2011.554896|journal=J. Mod. Opt.|year=2011|bibcode=2011JMOp...58..545L|volume=58|issue=7|pages=545–561|title=Zernike polynomials: a guide}}
8. ^Honarvar Shakibaei Asli, Barmak; Raveendran, Paramesran (July 2013). "Recursive formula to compute Zernike radial polynomials" Opt. Lett. (OSA) 38 (14): 2487–2489. {{DOI|10.1364/OL.38.002487}}
9. ^¹{{cite journal|first1=E. C.|last1=Kintner|doi=10.1080/713819334|title=On the mathematical properties of the Zernike Polynomials|journal=Opt. Acta|volume=23|year=1976|pages=679–680|bibcode=1976AcOpt..23..679K|issue=8}}
10. ^{{cite journal|first1=E. |last1=Tatulli|doi=10.1364/JOSAA.30.000726 |pmid=23595334|year=2013|title=Transformation of Zernike coefficients: a Fourier-based method for scaled, translated, and rotated wavefront apertures|bibcode=2013JOSAA..30..726T|journal=J. Opt. Soc. Am. A|volume=30|issue=4|pages=726–32|arxiv=1302.7106}}
11. ^{{cite journal|first1=A. J. E. M.|last1=Janssen|title=New analytic results for the Zernike Circle Polynomials from a basic result in the Nijboer-Zernike diffraction theory|doi=10.2971/jeos.2011.11028|year=2011|journal=Journal of the European Optical Society: Rapid Publications| volume=6}}
12. ^{{cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Barakat|title=Optimum balanced wave-front aberrations for radially symmetric amplitude distributions: Generalizations of Zernike polynomials|doi=10.1364/JOSA.70.000739|year=1980|journal=J. Opt. Soc. Am.|volume=70|issue=6|pages=739–742|bibcode=1980JOSA...70..739B}}
13. ^{{cite arxiv|first1=A. J. E. M.|last1=Janssen|title=A generalization of the Zernike circle polynomials for forward and inverse problems in diffraction theory|eprint=1110.2369|year=2011|class=math-ph}}
14. ^{{cite arxiv|first1=R. J.|last1=Mathar|title=Orthogonal basis function over the unit circle with the minimax property|eprint=1802.09518|year=2018|class=math.NA}}
15. ^{{cite conference| first = A.| last = Tahmasbi| year = 2010| title = An Effective Breast Mass Diagnosis System using Zernike Moments| conference = 17th Iranian Conf. on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME'2010)| publisher = IEEE| location = Isfahan, Iran| pages = 1–4| doi = 10.1109/ICBME.2010.5704941}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last=Tahmasbi |first=A. |last2=Saki |first2=F. |last3=Shokouhi |first3=S.B. |year=2011 |title=Classification of Benign and Malignant Masses Based on Zernike Moments |journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=726–735 |doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.06.009|pmid=21722886 }}
17. ^{{cite journal|first1=W. P. |last1=Rdzanek|doi=10.1016/j.jsv.2018.07.035|title=Sound radiation of a vibrating elastically supported circular plate embedded into a flat screen revisited using the Zernike circle polynomials|year=2018|volume=434|pages=91–125|journal=J. Sound Vibr.|bibcode=2018JSV...434...92R}}
18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Alizadeh|first1=Elaheh|last2=Lyons|first2=Samanthe M|last3=Castle|first3=Jordan M|last4=Prasad|first4=Ashok|title=Measuring systematic changes in invasive cancer cell shape using Zernike moments|journal=Integrative Biology|date=2016|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1183–1193|doi=10.1039/C6IB00100A|pmid=27735002}}

Definitions

Other representations

Noll's sequential indices

OSA/ANSI standard indices

Fringe/University of Arizona indices

Properties

Orthogonality

Zernike transform

Symmetries

Recurrence relations

Examples

Radial polynomials