| 释义 |
- Description Mandarin Taiwanese Hokkien Hakka[edit | edit source] Matsu dialect
- Language policy[1][2][3]
- Japanese Colonization Era (1895-1945) (1) during the period from 1895 to 1919 (2) during the period from 1919-1937 (3) during the last eight years of Japanese colonization (1937-1945)
- Kuomingtang Era (1945-1999)
- Contemporary Modern Democratic Era (2000-2008)
- References
{{AFC submission|d|v|u=劉亭利|ns=118|decliner=The Drover's Wife|declinets=20190122234319|ts=20181217105301}} {{AFC submission|d|essay|u=劉亭利|ns=118|decliner=Robert McClenon|declinets=20181216162526|small=yes|ts=20181216150535}} {{AFC comment|1=This is a bit of a mess: it's a long, unsourced, poorly-formatted timeline with lots of confusing prose ("The ban on the "dialect" songs was banned"?). This reads like a translation that still needs quite a bit of work. The Drover's Wife (talk) 23:43, 22 January 2019 (UTC)}}{{AFC comment|1=This draft is a statement of opinion by the author rather than a neutral presentation of the views of reliable sources.This draft has no references. Notability cannot be established without references. Robert McClenon (talk) 16:25, 16 December 2018 (UTC)}}
Description There are several languages used in Taiwan | Language | Percentage of home use | National language | Statutory languages for public transport | Regulated by | | Mandarin | 83.5% | Yes | Required nationwide | Ministry of Education | | Taiwanese Hokkien | 81.9% | No | Required nationwide | Ministry of Education | | Hakka | 6.6% | Yes | Required nationwide | Hakka Affairs Council | | Formosan languages | 1.4% | Yes | Depends | Council of Indigenous Peoples | | Matsu dialect | <1% | No | Required in Matsu Islands | Department of Education,Lienchiang County Government |
Mandarin Mandarin is national language (國語; Guóyǔ) in Taiwan. Taiwanese Hokkien Commonly known as Taiwanese (臺語, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí) and officially referred as Taiwanese Hokkien (臺灣閩南語; Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gú); Taiwanese Hokkien is the most-spoken native language in Taiwan, spoken by about 70% of the population. Hakka[edit | edit source] Hakka (客家語; Hak-kâ-ngî) is mainly spoken in Taiwan by people who have Hakka ancestry. The majority of Hakka Taiwanese reside in Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli. Hakka was made an official language in December 2017. Currently the Hakka language in Taiwan is maintained by the Hakka Affairs Council. This governmental agency also runs Hakka TV and Hakka Radio stations. The government currently recognizes and maintains six Hakka dialects in Taiwan. Matsu dialect Matsu dialect is the language spoken in Matsu islands. Language policy[1][2][3] Japanese Colonization Era (1895-1945) Taiwan was ceded to Japan and became its colony after 1895.The Japanization policies were closely linked to the three stages of educational planning: (1) during the period from 1895 to 1919 private Chinese schools were still tolerated since the Japanese, ethnic Chinese, and the Austronesian natives attended different school systems. Meanwhile, the Japanese government encouraged local people to send their children to the public elementary schools set up by the Japanese around the island, which taught Chinese as a required subject. | 1895 | Taiwan was ceded to Japan. The Governor's Office opened a local language lecture and asked civil and military staff to learn Taiwanese language after official business. | | 1896 | The Governor's Office has set up a "local language workshop" in various places to teach Taiwanese military police and police on the island. The Governor's Office promulgated the "Regulations for the National Language School" and the "Guidelines for the National Language School" and set up a Mandarin workshop in various places. | | 1897 | The Mandarin Language School has a Chinese Language Section. | | 1898 | The rules of the Taiwan Public School were issued, and public schools were established in various places; The study of the study of the study was released, and the study was changed from the usual practice, but subjects such as Mandarin and arithmetic should be gradually increased. The police officer and the prison officer practice program were released, and the native language was the subject with the most hours of initial training. | | 1902 | In normal education, "local language" was renamed "Taiwanese. | | 1904 | In the public school, the Chinese language is independent. | | 1905 | In the public school, the Mandarin Night Society and the Mandarin Language Popularization Conference were successively launched. | | 1907 | In public schools, Chinese is no longer a compulsory. |
(2) during the period from 1919-1937 private Chinese schools were no longer permitted and Chinese became an optional school subject. Since then, the enrollment rate for public elementary school children had risen steadily, from 25.1% in 1920 to 71.3% in 1943 | 1922 | Implementing internal education in Taiwan, but using "national language commonly used" or not, as the basis for entering a primary or public school. The "Taiwan Education Order" was announced, and the Chinese language was revised to be an elective. Many public schools automatically abolished Chinese. | | 1923 | The police officer and the prison officer practiced a specialization in linguistics, teaching Fujian, Cantonese, Chinese and Roman. The rules of private schools are published, and the study is included in the management of general private schools. | | 1928 | The "local language" of the police regulations was renamed "Taiwanese." | | 1933 | Taiwanese is listed as an optional subject in higher primary schools. |
(3) during the last eight years of Japanese colonization (1937-1945) Chinese and other local languages were prohibited in all public domains. Moreover, when the wars between China and Japan intensified, the Japanese government launched an “onlyJapanese-speaking families” campaign in 1938, which aimed to intrude Japanese upon language use in the family domain, often considered the base for language maintenance (M. Chen, 1996). Under such a discriminatory language policy, local languages were seriously damaged, and Taiwan gradually became a diglossic society with Japanese as the High official language of administration, education, and prestige and local languages as Low languages of family and local commerce[4][5]. The language policy was successful in that an estimated 51% of the population understood Japanese in 1940, and by 1944, the percentage rose to 71% (Huang, 1993). | 1937 | Amend the rules of the public school and abolish the Chinese liberal arts. Abolish the Chinese version of each newspaper. The Governor's Office has started to implement the "Chinese-speaking Common Campaign". It is recommended that all staff of the Taiwanese government should use Japanese in public and private occasions, and instruct all states and offices to commit to the nationalization of Taiwan. | | 1943 | The National School was changed to compulsory education, and it still relied on different classes to study in the Mandarin family. | | 1945 | Japan surrendered and the Kuomintang government "received" Taiwan. |
Kuomingtang Era (1945-1999) After receiving the Taiwanese from the Japanese in 1945, the Kuomintang government regarded Taiwan as a colony. At that time, Taiwanese people only spoke Japanese, Min Nan and Aboriginal languages, and they were almost completely unfamiliar with Chinese. In order to consolidate the political power and master the people's hearts, we will actively promote Chinese as the official language of all public institutions and public places. All schools must teach Chinese in every class. And take the following measures to implement its language policy | 1945 | Japan surrenders, the KMT government "receives" Taiwan. | | 1946 | The Education Department stipulates that all schools at all levels are required to teach Mandarin and linguistics. The Japanese version of newspapers and magazines was abolished, and Taiwanese writers were prohibited from writing in Japanese. After the February 28 Incident, the Japanese language was completely banned and Japanese records were banned. | | 1947 | The school has disabled Japanese schools at all levels, and the lectures are mainly in Mandarin language teaching. The provincial dialects are used for the time being; the daily language is spoken in Mandarin as much as possible, and it is not allowed to speak in Japanese. If there is any violation of the situation, it will be severely punished. | | 1948 | The Provincial Mandarin Implementation Committee has established the organization rules for the National Language Implementation Committee of all counties and cities in Taiwan Province. | | 1950 | The "Measures for the Implementation of the Education Programme for the Extraordinary Period" was promulgated, instructing schools and social education institutions at all levels to strengthen the implementation of the Mandarin campaign. | | 1951 | It is necessary to use Mandarin in all levels of schools to hold oral reports of various gatherings. Announced the implementation of the national language approach in the mountainous townships of counties in Taiwan. | | 1953 | The ban on the "dialect" songs was banned. | | 1955 | It is forbidden for the church to preach in Roman alphabet and strictly ban it. | | 1956 | Beginning to fully implement the "Speaking Mandarin Campaign". Taiwanese is forbidden in schools, and students will be punished by teachers when they speak Taiwanese at school. | | 1957 | The Roman scriptures of the Taiwanese Bible were confiscated by the Kuomintang. | | 1959 | The Ministry of Education requires the screening of Mandarin films. It is not allowed to use Taiwanese interpreters. Offenders will be corrected or ordered to suspend business. | | 1963 | The Government immediately set the "Guidelines for the Counseling of Radio and Television Radio Programs". The third article stipulates that the broadcasting and broadcasting stations of the broadcasting and television stations are mainly in Mandarin, and the "dialects" program does not exceed 50%. | | 1966 | The provincial government has made schools at all levels "strengthen the implementation of the national language program." | | 1971 | National languages should be used in all offices and public places. | | 1973 | Formulate the "Measures for the Implementation of Mandarin in the Mountainous Townships of Taiwan Province". Set the "points for inquiring about the teaching ability of Mandarin teachers in primary and secondary schools in Taiwan Province". | | 1975 | It is stipulated that "national language should be used for public meetings and public places and business negotiations." | | 1976 | Through radio and television, the time of all radio broadcasts and TV shows is strongly restricted. | | 1984 | The Ministry of Education sent a letter to the Ministry of the Interior to try to teach missionaries to use Mandarin to prevent the implementation of Chinese language education. | | 1985 | The Ministry of Education completed the first draft of the "Language Law" and "suspend the formulation" because of strong public opinion. | | 1987 | The state and the younger are no longer able to sanction students who speak dialects on campus by improper means such as corporal punishment and fines. | | 1988 | Aboriginal groups launched the "Return My Land" campaign. Tens of thousands of Hakkas took to the streets for the first time and launched the "Return My Habits" campaign. | | 1993 | The Ministry of Education announced that in the future, mother-tongue education will be included in the formal teaching of primary and secondary schools, and that Taiwanese and Hakka dialects will be studied in an elective manner. | | 1994 | The Ministry of Education promulgated the "National Primary School Local Teaching Activity Curriculum Standards", with the overall goal of increasing knowledge of local history, geography, "language" and art. The Ministry of Education announced the Aboriginal phonetic system. | | 1996 | Lee Teng-hui was elected the first elected president. In the third to sixth grades of the National Primary School, a section of "Local Teaching Activities" was added, including local language teaching. | | 1998 | The Ministry of Education announced the use of the "Taiwan Minnan Voice Labeling System" and the "Taiwan Hakka Voice Labeling System". |
Contemporary Modern Democratic Era (2000-2008)
| 2000 | The Democratic Progressive Party presidential candidate Chen Shui-bian was elected as the second elected president. | | 2001 | The Ministry of Education officially implemented a nine-year consistent curriculum and incorporated local languages into formal courses. | | 2002 | The Ministry of Education began to implement mother-tongue teaching at the National Elementary School. | | 2003 | The National Language Implementation Committee of the Ministry of Education has formulated the "Law on Language Equality". | | 2006 | The Ministry of Education announced the successful integration of the "Taiwanese Minnanese Romanic Pinyin Scheme". | | 2007 | The Executive Yuan will pass the "National Language Development Law" to clarify the natural language and sign language used by the national language for the local ethnic group or locality. |
References This is page content.[6] 1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dig.nmtl.gov.tw/taigi/02sp/04_list.html|title=��ߥx�W����]�x�y��Ǯi�L��ê���y��T��|last=��ߥx�W����|date=2009-11-30|website=��ߥx�W����]|access-date=2018-12-17}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2389/2e443628b196f9dbd00592c07f3a0a6ca5ff.pdf|website=pdfs.semanticscholar.org|access-date=2018-12-17}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blog.xuite.net/hjt888/twblog/124767917|title=台灣語言政策演變之研究 ─以1895年至2001年為例|last=TIEN (hjt888)|website=隨意窩 Xuite日誌|access-date=2018-12-17}}
4. ^{{Citation|last=Falola|first=Toyin|title=Major cities and ethnic groups in present-day Nigeria|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511819711.003|work=A History of Nigeria|pages=xl–xl|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511819711|access-date=2018-12-17|last2=Heaton|first2=Matthew M.}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=Mandy|last2=Tiun|first2=Hak-khiam|date=2007-01-23|title=Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5|journal=Language Policy|volume=6|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5|issn=1568-4555}}
6. ^[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2389/2e443628b196f9dbd00592c07f3a0a6ca5ff.pdf Language Planning and Policy in Taiwan: Past, Present, and Future], Ming-Hsuan Wu, p. 103 - p.111
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