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词条 Draft:List of official languages by sovereign state
释义

  1. Definitions

  2. List of countries/dependent territories

      A    B  

  3. C

  4. D

  5. E

  6. F

  7. G

  8. H

  9. I

  10. J

  11. K

  12. L

  13. M

  14. N

  15. O

  16. P

  17. Q

  18. R

  19. S

  20. T

  21. U

  22. V

  23. Y

  24. Z

  25. See also

  26. References and footnotes

This is a complete list of the official languages of sovereign states of the world. It includes all languages that have official language status either statewide or in a part of the state, or that have status as a national language, regional language, or minority language.

Definitions

  • Official language: one designated as having a unique legal status in the state, typically, the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, and often, official government business
  • Regional language: one designated as having official status limited to a specific area, administrative division, or territory of the state (on this page a regional language will have parentheses next to it that contain a region, province, etc. where the language has regional status)
  • Minority language: (as used here) one spoken by a minority population within the state and officially designated as such; typically afforded protection and designated an officially permissible language for legal and government business in a specific area or territory of the state (on this page a minority language will be followed by parentheses that identify its minority status)
  • National language: one that uniquely represents the national identity of a state, nation, and/or country and so designated by a country's government; some are technically minority languages (on this page a national language will be followed by parentheses that identify it as a national language status). Some countries have more than one language with this status

List of countries/dependent territories

{{Compact ToC|name=no|center=yes|top=yes|seealso=no|notes=no|custom3=References and footnotes}}

{| class="wikitable"

A


|-		CountryOfficial languageMinority languageNational languageWidely spoken
|-
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}[1]
|Nationwide:Pashto
Dari

Regional:[2]

Uzbek
Turkmen
Pashai
Nuristani
Balochi
Pamiri
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Albania}} [3]
|Albanian
| colspan="2" |Greek (in the Greek Minority Zone)[4]
|
|Italian
|-
|{{Flag|Algeria}} [5]
|ArabicTamazight
| colspan="2" |
|Arabic

Tamazight


|French
|-
|{{Flag|Andorra}}
|Catalan[6]
| colspan="2" |Spanish

French

Portuguese


|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}} [7]
|Portuguese
| colspan="2" |
|KimbunduUmbunduKikongoChokweKwanyama

Ganguela{{source?|date=February 2018}}


|
|-
|{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|English (de facto official) [8]
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Argentina}}
|Spanish (de facto; de jure in Corrientes and Chaco provinces)Guaraní (co-official in Corrientes Province) [9]Kom, Moquoit, Wichi (co-official in Chaco Province)[10]
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Armenia}}
|Armenian
| colspan="2" |
|Armenian (state language)[11]
|
|-
| {{Flag|Artsakh}}
|Armenian
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|English (de facto official)
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Austria}}[12][13]
|German

Croatian (co-official in several areas of Burgenland)

Hungarian (co-official in several areas of Burgenland)

Slovene (co-official in several areas of Carinthia)


| colspan="2" |Slovene (statewide)

Czech (statewide)

Hungarian (statewide)

Slovak (statewide)

Romani (statewide)

Serbian (statewide)


|German (state language)
|
|-
|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|Azerbaijani (state language) [14]
|
|-

B


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageWidely Spoken
|-
|{{Flag|Bahamas}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}
|Arabic
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|Bengali
| colspan="2" |
|Bengali
|
|-
|{{Flag|Barbados}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Belarus}}
|BelarusianRussian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
|(Languages of Belgium) [15]

Dutch (in Flanders and Brussels)

French (in Brussels and Wallonia)

German (in the German-speaking community)


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Belize}}
|English
| colspan="2" |Spanish (border with Mexico and Guatemala)
|
|Kriol (lingua franca)
|-
|{{Flag|Benin}}
|French
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}
|Dzongkha
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bolivia}}[16]
|CastilianAraonaAymaraBaureBésiroCanichanaCavineñoaCayuvavaChakoboChimaneChiquitanoEse EjjaGuaraníGuarasuaweGuarayuItonamaLecoMachajuya-KallawayMachineriMaropaMojeño-IgnacianoMajeño-TrinitarioMoréMoseténMovimaPacawaraPuquinaQuechuaSirionóTacanaTapietéToromonaUru-ChipayaWeenhayekYaminawaYukiYuracaréZamuco
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|BosnianCroatianSerbian

(all de facto) [17]


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Botswana}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Tswana
|
|-
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|German (in Pomerode [18])

East Pomeranian (in Pancas,[19][20] Santa Maria de Jetibá [21][22][23])

Hunsrückisch (in Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina [24])

Talian (in Serafina Corréa [25])

Nheengatu, Baniwa, Tucano (in Sào Gabriel de Cachoeira, Amazonas) [26][27]Guaraní (in Tacuru, Mato Grosso do Sul) [28]
| colspan="2" |
|Portuguese
|
|-
|{{Flag|Brunei}}
|Malay

English


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|Bulgarian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
|French
| colspan="2" |
|FulaJulaMore
|
|-
|{{Flag|Burundi}}[29][30]
|Kirundi

French

English


| colspan="2" |
|Kirundi
|Swahili
|-

C


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageWidely Spoken
|-
|{{Flag|Cambodia}}
|Khmer
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Cameroon}}
|EnglishFrench
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|English (Federal)

French (Federal)

Chipewyan (Northwest Territories)

Cree (Northwest Territories)

Gwich'in (Northwest Territories)

Inuinnaqtun (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

Inuktitut (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

Inuvialuktun (Northwest Territories)

North Slavey (Northwest Territories)

South Slavey (Northwest Territories)

Tłı̨chǫ (Northwest Territories)


| colspan="2" |Chipewyan

Cree

Gwich'in

Inuinnaqtun

Inuktitut

Inuvialuktun

North Slavey

South Slavey

Tłı̨chǫ


|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Cape Verde}}
|Portuguese
| colspan="2" |
|Cape Verdean Creole
|
|-
|{{Flag|Central African Republic}}
|French
| colspan="2" |Sango
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Chad}}
|Arabic

French


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Chile}}
|Spanish (de facto)

Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories [31]


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|Mandarin (statewide)

Cantonese (de facto in {{flag|Hong Kong}} and {{flag|Macau}})

46 regional official languages
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Colombia}}
|Spanish

(Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories [32])


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Comoros}}
|ArabicComorian

French


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|French
| colspan="2" |LingalaKikongo
|SwahiliTshiluba
|
|-
|{{Flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|French
| colspan="2" |LingalaMunukutuba
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Costa Rica}}
|Spanish
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Croatia}}
|Croatian (statewide)

Serbian (in some municipalities)

Hungarian (in some municipalities)

Czech (in some municipalities)

Slovak (in some municipalities)

Pannonian Rusyn (in some towns)

Istro-Romanian (protected)


| colspan="2" |
|Italian (Istria County)

Romani (non-territorial)

Slovene (non-territorial)


|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Cuba}}
|Spanish
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Cyprus}}
|Greek [33]Turkish [33]
| colspan="2" |
|Armenian [34]Cypriot Arabic [34]
|English
|-
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|Czech

Slovak [35]


| colspan="2" |
|Belarusian [36]Bulgarian [36]

Croatian [36]

German [36]

Greek [36]

Hungarian [36]

Polish [36]

Romani [36]

Russian [36]Rusyn [36]Serbian [36]Ukrainian [36]Vietnamese [36]
|
|-

D


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority Language
|-
|{{Flag|Denmark}}
|Danish (statewide)

Faroese (in the Faroe Islands)

Kalaallisut (in Greenland)


| colspan="4" |German (in Southern Jutland)
|-
|{{Flag|Djibouti}}
|ArabicFrench
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Dominica}}
|English
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
|Spanish
| colspan="4" |
|-

E


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageWorking Language
|-
|{{Flag|East Timor}}
|Portuguese [37]Tetum [37]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}
|SpanishQuechua (official language of intercultural relation) [38]
| colspan="2" |Kichwa (official minority language) [38]Shuar (official minority language) [38]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|Arabic
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}
|Spanish
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|SpanishFrench

Portuguese


| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Eritrea}}
|Tigrinya
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |ArabicTigrinyaItalian
|-
|{{Flag|Estonia}}
|Estonian
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
|English
Swazi
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|Amharic
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |OromoSomaliTigrignaAfarSidamoKunamaBenshangulGumuz

English

Harari
|-

F


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Fiji}}
|EnglishFijianFiji Hindi
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Finland}}
|FinnishSwedish
| colspan="2" |Sami (in Enontekiö, Inari, Sodankylä, Utsjoki)
| colspan="2" |Finnish

Swedish


|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|French

(Languages of France and language policy in France) [39]

G


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Gabon}}
|French
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Gambia}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Georgia}}
|Georgian
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|German [40]

Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein)

Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg)

North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein)

Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony)

Upper Sorbian (in Saxony)

German Sign LanguageLow German
| colspan="2" |Danish

Lower Sorbian

North Frisian

Romani [41]

Upper Sorbian


| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Ghana}}
|English

Adangme (in Greater Accra)

Dagaare (in the Upper West Region)

Dagbani (in the Northern Region)

Ewe (in the Volta Region)

Ga (in the Greater Accra)

Gonja (in the Northern Region)

Kasem (in the Upper East Region)

Nzema (in the Western Region)

Akuapem TwiAsante Twi

Mfantse


| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|Greek
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Grenada}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Guatemala}}
|Spanish
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Guinea}}
|French
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |FulaManinkaSusu
|-
|{{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|Portuguese
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Guyana}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Guyanese Creole
|-

H


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageMinority LanguageWritten language
|-
|{{Flag|Haiti}}
|FrenchHaitian Creole
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Honduras}}
|Spanish

Garifuna (on the Caribbean Coast)

English (in the Bay Islands)

Miskito (in Eastern Honduras)


| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Hong Kong}}
|Cantonese (de facto)

English


| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Traditional Chinese
|-
|{{Flag|Hungary}}
|Hungarian [42]
| colspan="2" |Croatian [43]German [43]Romanian [43]Serbian [43]Slovak [43]Slovene [43]
| colspan="2" |
|-

I


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageOptional
|-
|{{Flag|Iceland}}
|IcelandicIcelandic Sign Language
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|Hindi and English

are the official languages

Assamese (in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh)

Bengali (in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

Bodo (in Assam)

Chhattisgarhi (in Chhattisgarh)

Dogri (in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab)

English (Central Government, only official language of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh)

Garo (in Meghalaya)

Gujarati (in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Gujarat)

Hindi (ten states, and Delhi, Chandigarh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

Kannada (in Karnataka)

Karbi (in Assam)

Kashmiri (in Jammu and Kashmir)

Khasi (in Meghalaya)

Kokborok (in Tripura)

Konkani (in Goa)

Lepcha (in Sikkim)

Maithili (in Bihar and Jharkhand)

Malayalam (in Kerala, Lakshadweep and Puducherry)

Meitei (in Manipur)

Marathi (in Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu)

Mizo (in Mizoram)

Nepali (in Sikkim and West Bengal)

Newari (in Sikkim)

Odia (in Odisha)

Punjabi (in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and Chandigarh)

Sanskrit (in Uttarakhand)

Santali (in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha)

Sindhi

Sunwar (in Sikkim)

Tamil (in Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry)

Telugu (in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

Urdu (in Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh)


|

Ladakhi (in Ladakh)


|Sylheti
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|(More than 700 languages of Indonesia)Indonesian

Indonesian sign languages{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}


|Javanese actually a majority language (42% population,100 million speakers) but not official in any level

and Sundanese, 42 million speakers (in Java island)

Madurese, 13 million speakers in Madura island
Batak languages, Minang, Aceh, 17 million speakers in Sumatra island
Balinese, 4 million speakers in Bali island
Buginese, 4 million speakers, the largest one in Sulawesi island

Banjarese, 4 million speakers, the largest one in Kalimantan island


|
|
|EnglishArabic
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|Persian
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
|Arabic (statewide)

Kurdish (possibly statewide)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (in Assyrian areas)

Iraqi Turkmen (in Turkmen areas)

Armenian recognized


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|(Languages of Ireland) [44]

English

Irish
|
|
|Irish
|
|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|Hebrew
|Arabic
|
|
|RussianEnglish
|-
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|(Languages of Italy)Italian

French (co-official in Aosta Valley)

German (co-official in South Tyrol)

Ladin (in South Tyrol)

Slovene (in the Province of Trieste and the Province of Gorizia)


|
|Ladin

Slovene


|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}
|French
|
|
|
|
|-

J


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Jamaica}}
|English
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|Japanese
| colspan="4" |Japanese
|-
|{{Flag|Jordan}}
|Arabic
| colspan="4" |
|-

K


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
|Russian
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Kazakh
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Swahili
|-
|{{Flag|Kiribati}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Kiribati
|-
|{{Flag|North Korea}}
|Korean
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|KoreanKorean Sign Language
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| {{Flag|Kosovo}}
|AlbanianSerbian
| colspan="2" |Turkish
| colspan="2" |
|-
|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|Standard Arabic
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | Kuwaiti Sign Language
Kuwaiti Arabic
Kuwaiti Persian
|-
|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|Russian
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |Kyrgyz
|-

L


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Laos}}
|Lao
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Latvia}}
|Latvian [45][46]
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Lebanon}}
|Arabic
| colspan="4" | Phoenician
|-
|{{Flag|Lesotho}}
|English
| colspan="4" |Sotho
|-
|{{Flag|Liberia}}
|English
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Libya}}
|Arabic
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
|German
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|Lithuanian
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}
|French

German


| colspan="4" |Luxembourgish
|-

M


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageNational LanguageTraditional Language
|-
|{{Flag|Macau}}
|Cantonese (de facto)Portuguese
| colspan="2" |
|
|Chinese
|-
|{{Flag|Madagascar}}
|FrenchMalagasy
| colspan="2" |
|Malagasy
|
|-
|{{Flag|Malawi}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Chichewa
|
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|Malay {{#tag:Ref|Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia designated Malay as the national language. Section 2 of that article allowed English to be used officially until otherwise provided by Parliament. In 1967, the Parliament of Malaysia passed the National Language Act, making Malay the official language of Malaysia. The act does, however, allow the use of English for some official purposes. On 11 July 1990, following the amendment of the National Language Act 1963/67 (Act 32) (Revised in 1971), Malay replaced English as the official language of the courts in West Malaysia. The amending Act provided English to be used in the Courts in West Malaysia where it deems necessary in the interest of Justice. East Malaysia continued using English as the official language in their courts.[47] Since 2007, the official policy is to refer to the national language as the Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia), although legislation still refers to the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu).}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Maldives}}
|Dhivehi
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Mali}}
|French

Tamazight (Azawad district)


| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Malta}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Maltese
|
|-
|{{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}
|Italian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Marshallese
|
|-
|{{Flag|Mauritania}}
|Arabic
| colspan="2" |
|ArabicFulaSoninkeWolof
|French
|-
|{{Flag|Mauritius}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|French
|
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|Spanish (de facto)
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|English (statewide except in Kosrae)

Chuukese (in Chuuk)

Kosraean (in Kosrae)

Woleaian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Moldova}}
|Romanian (statewide)
| colspan="2" |GagauzRussianUkrainian
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Monaco}} [48]
|French
| colspan="2" |
|
|Monégasque
|-
|{{Flag|Mongolia}}
|Mongolian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Montenegro}}
|Albanian (in Ulcinj)

Croatian (in Tivat)

Serbian (in Herceg Novi)


| colspan="2" |Bosnian (in the north)
|Montenegrin
|Serbian
|-
|{{Flag|Morocco}}
|ArabicBerber
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Mozambique}}
|Portuguese
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}} (Burma)
|Burmese
| colspan="2" |Chin
Kachin
Karen
Karenni
Mon
Rakhine
Shan
|
|
|-

N


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageAdministrative Language
|-
|{{Flag|Namibia}} [49]
|English
|GermanOshiwambo
|
|Afrikaans
|
|-
|{{Flag|Nauru}}
|EnglishNauruan
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|Maithili (in Madhesh)
|
|
|Nepali
|
|-
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|Dutch (de facto, statewide)

West Frisian (in Friesland)

Papiamento (in Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire)

English (in Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius, Saba)


|LimburgishLow Saxon
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|Cook Islands Maori (in Cook Islands)

English (de facto, statewide)

Māori (statewide)

New Zealand Sign Language

Niuean (in Niue)

Tokelauan (in Tokelau)


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Nicaragua}}
|Spanish
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Niger}}
|French
|
|
|ArabicHausaFulfuldeGulmancemaKanuriZarmaTamazight
|
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|English
|
|
|HausaYorubaIgbo
|
|-
|{{Flag|North Macedonia}}
|MacedonianAlbanian[50]
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
| {{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}
|Turkish
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}
|(Languages of Norway)

Norwegian (statewide)

Sami (in Kautokeino, Karasjok, Gáivuotna, Kåfjord, Nesseby, Porsanger, Tana, Tysfjord)


|Sami (from Engerdal to Russia)
|KvenScandoromani
|
|Kven
|-

O


|-		CountryOfficial Language
|-
|{{Flag|Oman}}
| colspan="5" |Arabic
|-

P


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageOptional
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|UrduEnglish

Major languages such as Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi, and Pashto have no official recognition


|
|
|Urdu
|
|-
|{{Flag|Palau}}
|English (statewide)

Palauan (statewide)

Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol)

Tobian (in Hatohobei)

Japanese (in Angaur)


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Palestine}}
|Arabic (de facto)
|
|
|
|Hebrew

English


|-
|{{Flag|Panama}}
|Spanish
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|EnglishHiri MotuTok Pisin
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Paraguay}}
|SpanishGuaraní
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Peru}}
|SpanishAymaraQuechua

All native languages where they are spoken by the majority


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|(Languages of the Philippines)

Filipino (statewide)

English (statewide)

Filipino Sign Language (statewide)

Ilokano (in La Union)[51]
|Aklanon (in the Visayas)

Bikol (in Luzon)

Cebuano (in the Visayas and Mindanao)

Ibanag (in Luzon)

Ilocano (in Luzon)

Ivatan (in Luzon)

Kapampangan (in Luzon)

Kanaray-a (in the Visayas)

Maranao (in Mindanao)

Maginanao (in Mindanao)

Pangasinan (in Luzon)

Sambal (in Luzon)

Tagalog (in Luzon)

Tausug (in Mindanao)

Waray (in the Visayas)

Yakan (in Mindanao)


|
|Filipino
|Spanish

Arabic


|-
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|Polish
|Kashubian (Pomeranian Voivodeship)
|German (Opole Voivodeship)

Lithuanian (Puńsk commune)

Belarusian (Podlaskie Voivodseship)

CzechHebrewYiddishLemkoKaraimArmenianRomaniRussianSlovakTatarUkrainian
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Portugal}}
|(Languages of Portugal)Portuguese
|Mirandese (Miranda do Douro)
|
|
|
|-

Q


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageHistorical
|-
|{{Flag|Qatar}}
|Arabic
|
|
|
|
|-

R


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageHistorical
|-
|{{Flag|Romania}}
|Romanian (statewide)
|ArmenianGermanHungarianRomaniSerbianSlovakTurkishUkrainian
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|(Languages of Russia)

Russian (federal)

Abaza (Karachay-Chekess Republic)

Adyghe (Adygea)

Aghul (Dagestan)

Altai (Altai Republic)

Azerbaijani (Dagestan)

Bashkir (Bashkortostan)

Buryat (Buryatia)

Chechen (Chechnya and Dagestan)

Chuvash (Chuvashia)

Crimean Tartar (de facto in Republic of Crimea)

Dargin (Dagestan)

Erzya (Mordovia)

Ingush (Ingushetia)

Kabardian (Kabardino-Balar and Karachay-Cherkessia)

Kalmyk (Kalmykia)

Karachay-Balkar (Kabardino-Balkar and Karachay-Cherkessia)

Khakas (Khakassia)

Komi-Zyrian (Komi Republic)

Kumyk (Dagestan)

Lak (Dagestan)

Lezgian (Dagestan)

Mari (Mari El)

Moksha (Mordovia)

Nogai (Karachay–Cherkessia and Dagestan)

Ossetic (North Ossetia–Alania)

Rutul (Dagestan)

Sakha (Sakha Republic)

Tabasaran (Dagestan)

Tatar (Tatarstan)

Tati (Dagestan)

Tsakhur (Dagestan)

Tuvin (Tuva)

Udmurt (Udmurtia)

Ukrainian
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Rwanda}}
|English

French

Kinyarwanda
| colspan="4" |
|-

S


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageMinority LanguageNational LanguageHistorical
|-
|{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
|TamazightArabicSpanish
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|English
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
|English
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|English
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Samoa}}
|English
|
|
|Samoan
|
|-
|{{Flag|San Marino}}
|Italian
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|Portuguese
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Arabic
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Senegal}}
|French
|
|
|Jola-FognyMandinkaPulaarSererSoninkeWolof
|
|-
|{{Flag|Serbia}}
|Serbian
|
|15 minority languages
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Seychelles}}
|English

French

Seychellois Creole
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
|English
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|EnglishMandarinMalayTamil
|
|
|Malay
|
|-
|{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|SlovakBulgarianCzechPolishGermanRomaniRusynSerbianUkrainian
|
|Hungarian
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Slovenia}}
|Slovene (statewide)
|
|Hungarian (Dobrovnik, Hodoš, Lendava)

Italian (Izola, Koper, Piran)

Croatian (Metlika, Brežice)


|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
|English
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Somalia}}
|Arabic
|
|
|Somali
|
|-
|{{Flag|Somaliland}}
|Somali

Arabic

English


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|South Africa}}
|Afrikaans

English

Southern NdebeleNorthern SothoSothoSwaziTsongaTswanaVendaXhosaZulu
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|South Sudan}}
|English
|
|
|ArabicBariDinkaLuoMurleNuerZande

60 other languages


|
|-
|{{Flag|Spain}}
|Spanish

Catalan (Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Valencia)

Galician (Galicia)

Occitan (Catalonia)

Basque (Basque Country, Navarra)


|
|Astur-Leonese (Asturias)

Aragonese (Aragon)

Fala (Province of Cáceres)

FrenchPortuguese
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|Sinhala

Tamil


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Sudan}}
|Arabic

English


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Suriname}}
|Dutch
|
|
|Sranan Tongo
|
|-
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|Swedish
|
|Finnish (Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå

Meänkieli (Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå)

Sami (Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Kiruna)


|
|RomaniYiddish
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|German (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Uri, Valais, Zug, Zürich)

French (Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais, Vaud)

Italian (Ticino, Graubünden)

Romansh (Graubünden)


|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Syria}}
|Arabic
|Kurdish
|
|
|
|-

T


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageRegional LanguageNational LanguageInterethnic Communication
|-
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}
|Formosan
Taiwanese Hokkien
Hakka
Mandarin (de facto but not de jure)
Matsunese
| colspan="2" |English
Taiwanese Hokkien
Hakka
|Formosan[52]
Taiwanese Hokkien
Hakka[53]
Matsunese
| Mandarin
Taiwanese Hokkien
|-
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|Tajik
|Russian
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Swahili
|
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|Thai
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Togo}}
|French
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
| {{Flag|Transnistria}}
|Moldovan
Russian
Ukrainian
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Tonga}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|Tongan
|
|-
|{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|English
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Tunisia}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|Arabic
|
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|Turkish
| colspan="2" |Kurdish
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|Turkmen
|Russian
|-
|{{Flag|Tuvalu}}
|English (de facto)
| colspan="2" |
|Tuvaluan (de facto)
|
|-

U


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Uganda}}
| colspan="2" |EnglishSwahili[54]
| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|Ukraine}}
| colspan="2" |Ukrainian
| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| colspan="2" |Arabic
| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| colspan="2" |English (de facto but not de jure)Cornish (in Cornwall) [55]

Irish and Ulster-Scots (in Northern Ireland)

Scots and Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland)

Welsh (in Wales)

Pitcairnese (in Pitcairn Islands)

Guernésiais and French (in Guernsey)

Jèrriais and French (in Jersey)

Manx (in Isle of Man)


| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
| colspan="2" |(Languages of the United States and English-only movement)

English (de facto but not de jure)

Inupiaq (Alaska)

Siberian Yupik (Alaska)

Central Alaskan Yup'ik (Alaska)

Alutiiq (Alaska)

Unangan (Alaska)

Dena'ina (Alaska)

Deg Xinag (Alaska)

Holikachuk (Alaska)

Koyukon (Alaska)

Upper Kuskokwim (Alaska)

Gwich'in (Alaska)

Tanana (Alaska)

Upper Tanana (Alaska)

Tanacross (Alaska)

Hän (Alaska)

Ahtna (Alaska)

Eyak (Alaska)

Tlingit (Alaska)

Haida (Alaska)

Tsimshian (Alaska)

Hawaiian (Hawaii)

Cherokee (UKB in Oklahoma)

Samoan (American Samoa)

Chamorro (Guam and Northern Mariana Islands)

Carolinian (Northern Mariana Islands)

Spanish (Puerto Rico only; special status in New Mexico, but not official)

French (special status in Louisiana, but not official)


| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|Uruguay}}
| colspan="2" |Spanish (de facto)
| colspan="3" |
|-
|{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |UzbekKarakalpak and Uzbek in Karakalpakstan
|-

V


|-		CountryOfficial LanguageNational Language
|-
|{{Flag|Vanuatu}}
|EnglishFrench
| colspan="4" |Bislama
|-
|{{Flag|Vatican City}}
|Italian
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Venezuela}}
|Spanish[56]
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|
| colspan="4" |Vietnamese
|-

Y


|-		CountryOfficial Language
|-
|{{Flag|Yemen}}
| colspan="5" |Arabic
|-

Z


|-		CountryOfficial Language
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
| colspan="5" |English
|-
|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| colspan="5" |Chewa
Chibarwe
English
Kalanga
Khoisan[57][58]
Nambya
Ndau
Ndebele
Shangani
Shona
Sign language[59]
Sotho
Tonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
|}

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official.

Language World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Countries
English 59 24 16 4 3 12 United States, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom. (See the full list)
French 29 21 2 - 5 1 France, DRC, Canada, Madagascar. (See the full list)
Arabic 26 13 - 13 - - Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia. (See the full list)
Spanish 21 1 19 - 1 - Mexico, Spain, Colombia, Argentina. (See the full list)
Portuguese 9 6 1 - 1 1 Brazil, Portugal, Mozambique, Angola. (See the full list)
German 6 - - - 6 - Germany, Austria, Switzerland. (See the full list)
Serbo-Croatian 4-5* - - - 4-5* - Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo*
Italian 4 - - - 4 - Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City
Malay based 4 - - 4 - - Indonesia (known as Indonesian), Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand
Russian 4 - - 2 2 - Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan
Swahili 5 5 - - - - Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda
Chinese 3* - - 3* - - China, Singapore, Taiwan*
Dutch 3 - 1 - 2 - Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
Hindustani 3 - - 2 - 1 Fiji,[60] India,[61] Pakistan[62]
Persian 3 - - 3 - - Iran, Afghanistan (known as Dari), Tajikistan (known as Tajik)
Tamil 3 - - 3 - - Sri Lanka, Singapore, India
Quechua 3 - 3 - - - Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador

Several languages are officially used in two countries, these are:

  • Albanian - Albania and Kosovo
  • Aymara - Peru and Bolivia
  • Bengali - Bangladesh and India
  • Berber - Algeria and Morocco
  • Greek - Greece and Cyprus
  • Guarani - Bolivia and Paraguay
  • Hausa - Niger and Nigeria
  • Korean - North Korea and South Korea
  • Romanian - Romania and Moldova
  • Rwanda-Rundi - Burundi (known as Kirundi) and Rwanda (known as Kinyarwanda)
  • Sotho - South Africa and Lesotho
  • Swati - South Africa and Eswatini (Swaziland)
  • Swedish - Sweden and Finland
  • Tswana - South Africa and Botswana
  • Turkish - Turkey and Cyprus
  • Cantonese - China (known as Guangdong), Hong Kong and Macau
Note
*Asterisks indicate countries whose independence is disputed

See also

  • List of sovereign states
  • List of official languages by country and territory

References and footnotes

1. ^Constitution of Afghanistan (Chapter 1, Article 16)
2. ^The third official language — in addition to Pashto and Dari — in areas where the majority speaks them
3. ^Constitution of Albania {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225173704/http://www.parlament.al/eng/dokumenti.asp?id=1117&kujam=Constitution |date=25 February 2008 }} (Article 14)
4. ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania#Recognised_Greek_%22minority_zone%22
5. ^Constitution of Algeria (Article 3)
6. ^Constitution of Andorra (Article 2)
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html#People|title=Angola|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook}}
8. ^Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981 (Article 29)
9. ^Provincial Law Nº5598
10. ^La Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia del Chaco. Sanciona con fuerza de Ley Nro.6604
11. ^Constitution of Armenia
12. ^Constitution of Austria (Article 8)
13. ^[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10000602&FassungVom=2014-01-01 Bundesgesetz über die Rechtsstellung der Volksgruppen in Österreich (Volksgruppengesetz – VoGrG)]
14. ^Constitution of Azerbaijan, Constitution of Azerbaijan (English translation) (Article 21)
15. ^Constitution of Belgium, in Dutch, French and German {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030413081529/http://www.senate.be/doc/const_de.html |date=13 April 2003 }} (Article 4)
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-DS-25894.html|title=Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 25894, 11 de septiembre de 2000|last=|first=|date=11 September 2000|website=|access-date=21 January 2018}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict|last2=Kelly|first2=Michael|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=0230368778|location=Basingstoke|pages=111–120|first1=Hilary|last1=Footitt}}
18. ^Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530095532/http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html|date=30 May 2012}}
19. ^Pomerano!?, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
20. ^No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328015129/http://gabeira.locaweb.com.br/causas/causa.asp?id=941&idSubd=40|date=28 March 2012}}, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
21. ^Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095437/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=604|date=2 April 2012}}
22. ^http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/germ/deutdin.htm
23. ^http://www.lerncafe.de/aus-der-welt-1142/articles/pommern-in-brasilien.html
24. ^Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402000000/http://www.ipol.org.br/upload/Image/lei1.jpg|date=2 April 2012}}
25. ^Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
26. ^Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918053759/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=83 |date=18 September 2011 }}, acessado em 24 de agosto de 2011
27. ^Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – FLÁVIA MARTIN e VITOR MORENO, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM) {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120604042024/http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html |date=4 June 2012 }}, acessado em 24 de agosto de 2011
28. ^Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095438/http://www.sinepe-pe.org.br/noticias/municipio-do-ms-adota-o-guarani-como-lingua-oficial/ |date=2 April 2012 }}, acessado em 24 de agosto de 2011
29. ^[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Burundi_2005.pdf Constitution of Burundi 2005]
30. ^[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2OA9DQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA104&ots=tFzjIGhvwU&dq=langues%20officielles%20au%20burundi%20kirundi%20fran%C3%A7ais%20anglais&hl=ru&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false Les approches bi-plurilingues d'enseignement-apprentissage: autour du programme Écoles et langues nationales en Afrique (ELAN-Afrique): Actes du colloque du 26-27 mars 2015]
31. ^Indigenal Act, art. 28
32. ^Constitution of Colombia, 1991 (Article 10)
33. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus|year=1960|at=art. 3, § 1}}
34. ^1 {{citation|title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus|url=http://languagecharter.coe.int/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=11 August 2013}}
35. ^Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) „Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
37. ^1 Constitution of Timor-Leste, section 13
38. ^1 2 Constitution of Ecuador 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217010705/http://www.presidencia.gov.ec/modulos.asp?id=110 |date=17 December 2008 }}, (Article 2)
39. ^Constitution of France (Article 2)
40. ^Though not explicitly specified in the constitution, this is regulated in §23 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Administrative Procedures Act)
41. ^Publication by Ministry of the Interior (in German) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403102145/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Broschueren/2008/Regional_und_Minderheitensprachen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|date=3 April 2012}}
42. ^Constitution of Hungary, Article H - http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf
43. ^1 2 3 4 5 Recognized by Hungary as minority language by the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Hungarian Parliament - Resolution 35/1995, April 7, 1995 - http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/o95h0035.htm/o95h0035_0.htm
44. ^Constitution of Ireland {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717092821/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/html%20files/Constitution%20of%20Ireland%20%28Eng%29.htm|date=17 July 2009}} (Article 8)
45. ^{{cite journal|year=2005|title=Surveying Language Attitudes and Practices in Latvia|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a907089600&db=all|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|publisher=|volume=26|issue=5|pages=409–424|doi=10.1080/01434630508668413|last1=Priedīte|first1=Aija}}In 1992, following further amendments to this directive, Latvian was established as the only official language. It took410 Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development seven more years before the State language law was adopted in 1999, with further amendments in the years 2000, 2001 and 2002.
46. ^Jarinovska, Kristine. "Popular Initiatives as Means of Altering the Core of the Republic of Latvia", Juridica International. Vol. 20, 2013. p. 152 {{ISSN|1406-5509}}
47. ^Malaysia's Legal System, Eurasia International Legal Network, Malaysia.
48. ^Constitution of Monaco {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115152902/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036C62FE5F92F2EFC1256F5B0054FA42FR?OpenDocument&3FR |date=15 November 2009 }} (Article 8)
49. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/|title=The Constitution of The Republic of Namibia|publisher=orusovo.com|chapter=Article 3 – Language|chapter-url=http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/chap1.htm#art3|df=|accessdate=23 April 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328053229/http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/|archivedate=28 March 2010}}
50. ^https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/01/15/albanian-becomes-second-official-language-macedonia/
51. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2012/09/19/850488/iloko-la-unions-official-language | title=Iloko La Union's official language | newspaper=Philippine Star | date=19 September 2012 | accessdate=24 September 2012 | author=Elias, Jun}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201707190019.aspx|title=President lauds efforts in transitional justice for indigenous people|publisher=Focus Taiwan|accessdate=19 July 2017}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/12/30/2003684894|title=Hakka made an official language|publisher=Taipei Times|accessdate=29 December 2017}}
54. ^Second official according to the Constitution
55. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2410383.stm|title=Cornish gains official recognition|date=6 November 2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 May 2008}}
56. ^Venezuelan Sign Language is recognised by the Constitution
57. ^Refers to Tshwao
58. ^{{cite news|title=Draft constitution riles San people|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/02/draft-constitution-riles-san-people/|accessdate=19 February 2018|agency=AMH|publisher=NewsDay|date=6 February 2013}}
59. ^See Zimbabwean sign languages
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html |title=Fiji Constitution }}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-languages-act-1963 |title=The Official Language Act, 1963 |work=Department of Official Language|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India }}
62. ^{{cite web |title=SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/952913/sc-orders-implementation-of-urdu-as-official-language/ |publisher=The Express Tribune |date=7 September 2015}}
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