| 词条 | Draft:Low Impact Hydropower Institute | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to reducing the impacts of hydropower generation through the certification of hydropower projects that have avoided or reduced their environmental impacts pursuant to the Low Impact Hydropower Institute’s criteria. [https://lowimpacthydro.org/about-us/ About]There are thousands of hydropower dams in the United States located on many of our most important rivers and streams. These dams can create pollution-free energy, but they can also produce significant adverse impacts on fish and wildlife and other resources. LIHI’s mission is to reduce the impacts of hydropower dams through incentives. LIHI does this through its Hydropower Certification Program, a voluntary certification program designed to help recognize hydropower dams that are minimizing their environmental impacts. Just as an organic label can help consumers choose the foods and farming practices they want to support, the LIHI certification program can help energy consumers choose the energy and hydropower practices they want to support. LIHI offers the nation’s only independent certification and verification program for environmentally responsible hydropower. LIHI is dedicated to reducing the impacts of hydropower by recognizing projects which actively protect river ecosystems. LIHI Certification allows owners access to market-based and reputational incentives. Less environmental impact means more opportunities for the project to thrive. Existing hydropower facilities, as well as new projects constructed at non-powered dams and conduit projects, are eligible for Certification. Projects on dams recommended for removal are not eligible. Upon application and approval, LIHI certifies qualified hydropower facilities that satisfy eight Certification Criteria, developed by a team of NGOs and industry representatives through a public process. No technology is without environmental impact. Hydropower is uniquely intertwined with the natural world around it, which can raise its environmental risk profile. Only hydropower facilities that meet strict, science-based guidelines to protect river habitat and resources receive Low Impact Certification. The Certification gives owners access to regulatory and voluntary power markets, providing a return on the environmental investment. HistoryThe LIHI standard was established in 2000 by a coalition of environmental organizations led by American Rivers and Green Mountain Energy Company, with the assistance of the Center for Resource Solutions and representatives of the hydropower industry, environmental organizations, renewable power marketers, and other environmental stakeholders. The LIHI structure also includes advisory input from the hydropower industry, renewable energy marketers, and state and federal resource management agencies. The national environmental organizations listed below are among those that have provided representation to LIHI’s Governing Board and/or Advisory Panels.
[https://lowimpacthydro.org/governance/ Governance]The Low Impact Hydropower Institute consists of staff, a governing board, and advisory panel members. The Governing Board is made up of several committees: Executive Management (EMC), Technical (TC), Policy (PC), and Finance (FC). Staff:Executive Director - Shannon Ames Certification Program Director - Maryalice Fischer Program Coordinator - Whitman ConstantineauGoverning Board: Chair - John Seebach | The Pew Charitable Trusts, DC | Chair EMC Vice Chair - Shawn Seaman | Power Plant Research Program, MD Treasurer - Jack Palmer | Kleinschmidt, DE | Chair FC Secretary - Nicholas Niiro | San Francisco City Attorney's Office, CA Members-At-Large: Victoria Taylor | Catawba-Wateree Relicensing Coalition, NC | EMC Julie Gantenbein | Water & Power Law Group, CA | TC Rick Glick | Davis Wright Tremaine, OR | PC T.J. Heibel | Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, DC | TC Tara Moberg |The Nature Conservancy, PA | Chair TC Kate Miller | Trout Unlimited, DC | PC Laura M. Wisland | Union of Concerned Scientists, CA | PC Mark Zakutansky | Appalachian Mountain Club, PA | TC Advisory Panel Members:Lisa Zarek | AADS, LLC, NH | FC HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY ADVISORY PANEL: Brendan McCarthy | Portland General Electric, OR | Co-Chair Sean Faulds | Brookfield Renewable Energy Group, QC| Co-Chair Elizabeth Ablow | Seattle City Light, WA | Sarah Hill-Nelson | Bowersock Mills Hydroelectric Project, KS Andrew Locke | Essex Hydro, MA Deb Malin | Bonneville Power Administration, OR Dan Parker | Eagle Creek Renewables, NJ Jon Petrillo | Gravity Renewables, RI John Ragonese | Great River Hydro, NH RENEWABLE MARKETS ADVISORY PANEL: Philip Raphals | Helios Centre (Quebec) , ME | Chair Jennifer Martin | Center for Resource Solutions, CA Jonathan Burnston | Karbone, NY Maya Kelty | 3Degrees, CA TECHNICAL ADVISOR: - Robert H. Deibel | National Instream Flow Coordinator at US Forest Service (retired), CO EXECUTIVE ADVISORY PANEL: Richard Roos-Collins | Water and Power Law Group, CA David Youlen | Eagle Creek Renewable Energy, NJ LIHI CertificationOn November 20, 2014, the Governing Board of the Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI) approved significant changes to the Certification Criteria, and on March 8, 2016, LIHI published the [https://lowimpacthydro.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2nd-Edition-Handbook-Rev-2.03-2018-12-20-1.pdf 2nd Edition LIHI Certification Handbook] that implements the revised criteria. The Handbook has since undergone three minor revisions. To access the new Handbook, Revision 2.03 currently in effect, visit the How To Apply page. The Certification Criteria are provided in full, in Section 3 of the 2nd Edition Handbook. The introductory text of Section 3 is as follows: Applications for low-impact certification are evaluated using a consistent, hierarchical set of eight criteria, goals, and standards. All criteria and their respective goals must be satisfied by one or more standard, but the standards are designed to be flexible enough to be applicable to the wide range of conditions that can occur in river systems and at hydropower facilities. If any of the criteria are not satisfied, the facility cannot be certified as low impact. The key element of the LIHI certification process is a hierarchical set of criteria, goals for each criterion, and alternative standards by which each criterion can be satisfied. Criteria are defined for areas of potential social and environmental impact associated with hydropower facilities. Goal statements are provided for each criterion to define the purpose or objective that must be satisfied. There are eight criteria and supporting goal statements, all of which must be met for a facility to qualify as low impact:
For each criterion and supporting goal statement, a set of alternative standards were developed to provide a comprehensive menu of alternatives by which the criterion goal can be met. Each set of alternative standards are prefaced by an introduction that includes a short, generalized statement of how they are to be applied. The introduction also includes any requirements that apply to all of the standards and that are critical to satisfying the goal for that criterion. The introduction is followed by three to four alternative methods of satisfying the criteria. The order of the alternative standards is consistent for all criteria. The first standard for each criterion is a “Not Applicable or De Minimis Effect (NA/DE)” standard that recognizes that some types of facilities either do not have impacts on the respective goal or impacts to that goal would be so minimal that they would be difficult to measure. This first standard is designed to be a streamlined way to satisfy a particular criterion where circumstances justify it. Facilities that satisfy the first standard for all eight criterion will be rewarded in the form of a longer term (10-year) LIHI certificate and reduced certification review and annual fees (see Section 4.4). An example of a project type that might qualify for NA/DME standards would be a conduit facility that does not discharge back into a natural waterway. For most criteria, the second standard, if applicable, requires meeting the latest and most stringent science-based recommendation of the relevant state or federal resource agencies whose mandates are to protect the resources the criteria are designed to evaluate. It is the responsibility of the applicant to explain in their application how the requirement of a science-based recommendation is satisfied through references to the methods, procedures, and studies used to develop the recommendations. For all criteria, to accommodate situations where resource agency recommendations do not exist, other standards can be used to meet the same goals through demonstrated best practices and technologies. The numbering and order of alternative standards is important. With the exception of the PLUS standards, an applicant should attempt to satisfy lower numbered standards first, before applying higher numbered standards. Applying higher numbered standards implies that lowered numbered standards are not possible or appropriate, which may or may not be the case. Applicants should consult with LIHI staff early in the application process to determine which standards are most appropriate for specific facilities (see Section 4.1 on processing steps). In addition to the alternative standards available to satisfy a criterion’s goal, each criterion also includes a “PLUS” standard, which offers a reward in the form of a longer term of the LIHI certificate for facilities that demonstrate substantial extra efforts in environmental and social mitigation, enhancement, and restoration. Some examples include deploying advanced technologies, science-based adaptive management, basin-scale redevelopment strategies, and supporting a watershed enhancement fund. An applicant will earn an extra three years of term for the first PLUS standard that is applied, and another two years for each additional PLUS standard applied, up to a maximum term of 10 years. The application for PLUS standards should be thoroughly discussed with LIHI staff during the intake review and will have to be approved during the certification review and subsequent decision process (see Section 4.2 for further details on the process). Certified FacilitiesLow Impact Certification means that the hydropower facility has been found by the Institute to meet or exceed the Institute's Certification Criteria which address eight key areas: ecological flow regimes, water quality, upstream fish passage, downstream fish passage and protection, shoreline and watershed protection, threatened and endangered species protection, cultural and historic resource protection, and recreational resources. Certification is designed to provide consumers with assurance that a facility has avoided or reduced their environmental impacts pursuant to the Low Impact Hydropower Institute's criteria. Once certified, the owner or operator can market the power from the facility to consumers as produced by a LIHI Certified Facility. Certification from the Institute may also qualify the power produced for other "green" energy certification programs. The following hydropower facilities have been certified by the Low Impact Hydropower Institute and assigned a LIHI Certificate Number:
REFERENCESLOW IMPACT HYDROPOWER CERTIFICATION HANDBOOK, 2nd Edition, Low Impact Hydropower Institute, December 20, 2018. https://lowimpacthydro.org/ https://lowimpacthydro.org/about-us/ https://lowimpacthydro.org/low-impact-criteria/ https://lowimpacthydro.org/certified-facilities/ |
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