“Draft:Lutetia Forum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Forum de Lutèce, also known as the Lutetia Forum, was a Roman Forum located at the top of the left bank in the axis of the current rue Soufflot in Paris. It was one of the main monuments of the ancient roman city of Lutetia, at the center of religious, civic and commercial life.^[1]

The discovery

The stones of the forum were used from the 4th century with those of other monuments to build the rampart and buildings of the Ile de la Cité. Its remains probably remained in the 6th century, perhaps still in the 13th century, because the church of the Jacobins established in 1218 in place of a previous hospice would have taken over some of the foundations of the forum.{{sfn|Busson|2001|p=78}} The monument disappears during the following centuries under the constructions and its existence was no longer known. Its rediscovery dates from the excavations of Theodore Vacquer during the urban planning of the 19th century. The notes and handwritten records of the archaeologist were synthesized by Felix-Georges de Pachtere in 1912 and by Paul-Marie Duval in 1961. Discoveries during the construction of the underground car park around 1980 brought additional elements. The layout of the foundations is well established but knowledge of the surface elements remains incomplete: the nature of the soil is unknown. The upper parts may have been partly reconstructed from the fragments of columns and porticoes discovered on the Ile de la Cité, which also give decorative elements, but it is not known whether the walls were plastered and painted.{{sfn|Busson|2001|p=15-16}}{{sfn|Busson|Robin|2009|p=28}}

The foundations of the forum were destroyed in the 1980s by the construction of an underground car park on five levels, with the exception of a fragment of wall. This fragment, protected by a window, is still visible for the customers having parked their car in this car park.^[2]

Situation

The forum, of a model common in the Roman Empire, was a rectangle 300 feet Roman, or 88.80 meters, on 600 feet (or 177.60 meters) which corresponds to the module of the square islands of 300 feet of side from the center of Lutetia. The short sides of the forum were, in the east, the main axis cardo maximus or Via superior (corresponding to St-Jacques street), east boulevard St-Michel on the route of the old street of the Harp and an ancient Roman road.{{sfn|Busson|2001|p=65-66}} While these two routes have remained from major axes of the city's road network, the route of perpendicular paths, decumanus, along the forum disappeared in the Middle Ages. Its location on the top of the Sainte-Geneviève mountain allowed for a successive staging of the cryptoporticus, underground gallery down near the cardo of boulevard Saint-Michel, the square in the middle, the basilica and the upper portico along the rue Saint-Jacques.

The foundation

The discovery of the foundations of a small circular temple and houses lined up on the Boulevard Saint-Michel attest that the forum was based on an area previously occupied. A Vespasian coin discovered during excavations and graffiti on the foundations, can date its creation around 69 to 79 AD.{{sfn|Busson|Robin|2009|p=30-31}} According to the foundations of the foundations, the wall, the pieces of columns and cornices used as replacements for buildings on the island of the city under the Lower Empire, the stones of the forum came from quarries of Saint-Maximin and Saint-Leu-d'Esserent in the Oise south of Creil and would have been transported by river at a date when quarries closer to the Bièvre Valley were not sized to supply a site of this importance.{{sfn|Busson|Robin|2009|p=32-33}} The forum dates from the foundation of the Gallo-Roman city with an orthonormal checkerboard plan and is one of the first great monuments of the city, with the baths of the College de France and perhaps contemporary arenas, before the construction of Cluny's baths. at the end of the 2nd century at the apogee of the Roman city.{{sfn|Busson|2001|p=152-153}}

Functions

The large inner square was surrounded by a gallery of colonnade porticoes under which were installed shops leaning against the fence wall. These uniform-sized shops measuring 4.64 meters in front and 5.75 meters in depth, with the exception of the two smaller corner shops, probably had a storey and a cellar. This place was certainly a very lively space in the center of the city. The gallery was surmounted by a roof of tiles. A gutter on the street side was receiving the waters of the roofs.{{sfn|Busson|2001|p=70}} An underground gallery, the cryptoporetic, was established to the west where the natural terrain is lower. The temple to the west of the square was dedicated to the imperial cult.

A basilica was erected in the eastern part (along the cardo of St. James Street), which was the administrative and juridical space where the decurions forming the curia met together and where the judges exercised their function. It was also the place of the census, of the management of finances, of the administration of the city by the city councilors, which undoubtedly included offices.

The visitors entered the basilica by two doors on the long sides, from the decumanus, the north gate being in the axis of the present street Victor-Cousin.{{sfn|Busson|Robin|2009|p=23-29}} The forum had its thermal baths to the south and included the most important public latrines discovered in Gaul (50 places).^[3]

The discovery

Situation

The foundation

Functions

See also

References

Bibliography