| 词条 | Draft:Mobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (mVAM) |
| 释义 |
The mobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (mVAM) project was created in 2013 as a World Food Programme (WFP) initiative to gather real time information on food security in crisis-affected communities [1]. mVAM uses mobile phone voice calls, text messages, and voice recognition technology to monitor and collect data on food security in real-time. After data collection, analytical reports are published within days to aid key actors in the emergency response, with the goal of early intervention and mitigation of food and nutrition insecurity. By producing frequent, regular, and accurate data, the technology represents a significant asset to the humanitarian field. BackgroundFood and nutrition security are common concerns during humanitarian crises, such as drought [2], conflict [3], and infectious disease outbreaks [4]. In these contexts, information and access can be restricted due to conflict or physical constraints. Commonly used food security information systems often fail to prevent and manage such food-related emergencies. These shortfalls can be due to the high cost, slow turn-around time, and unreliable data produced by in-person methods of gathering data. Additionally, there is often disagreement regarding the best in-person measures and indicators for food security, and how existing data should be incorporated into a relief agency’s programming. DevelopmentThe recent expansion of cell phone coverage around the globe offers a new strategy for data collection in conflict-affected communities. mVAM was created out of the insight that the existence of mobile phones in the most remote areas of the world can be leveraged for high frequency and low-cost data collection. Through mobile phone communication, mVAM was developed to quickly assess food security and create a mode of communication between crisis-affected populations and actors in the humanitarian response. ApplicationDevelopment of mVAM began in Goma, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Galkayo, Somalia through a Humanitarian Innovation Fund Grant [5]. These programs used voice calls to reach internally displaced persons (IDP) in conflict-affected regions. The first large-scale program was implemented during the 2014 Ebola emergency response in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. mVAM has since been deployed to monitor food security in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Nigeria, Kenya, Niger, Chad, and Malawi. By 2017, the technology was implemented in 28 countries across all six of WFP’s global regions. mVAM has thus far been applied in three humanitarian contexts: refugee and IDP camps, conflict or emergency situations, and vulnerable geographies and slow onset disasters. LogisticsDeploying mVAM technology involves the use of mobile survey equipment, software, and survey training. Food security and its underlying causes are assessed using short surveys. These surveys are applicable to numerous types of humanitarian crises and utilize several different survey modes. These surveys can be conducted through SMS (short message service), IVR (interactive voice response), or voice calls, and take place monthly. The survey uses the WFP Food Consumption Scores (FCS) [6] and the reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI) [7]. Depending on context, surveys can include open-ended questions, key informant interviews, and information of food prices. AdvantagesmVAM technology provides humanitarian crisis responders with frequent and detailed information that can be synthesized to understand the situation from a high-level view. The technology is capable of capturing real time information about the food security status of a population, identifying the causes of any insecurity, and facilitating communication between numerous humanitarian actors. The high utility of mVAM is due to its low cost ($5-$9 per questionnaire), high turnaround (1-2 weeks), flexibility in ability to collect several different indicators, and high security for data collection through the a “no boots on the ground” approach in hard-to-access areas [5]. Analytic reports generated by mVAM data can be utilized in multiple humanitarian spheres. This information can guide daily decisions and operations, strategic decision-making in an ongoing crisis, and longer-term program planning. mVAM-generated data can also be used to garner international support for broader WFP programming. An example of its value to larger-scale goals is mVAM’s role in the United Nation’s work to achieve the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of “Zero Hunger.” Up to date mVAM reports can be used to inform the design and implementation of such programs in alignment with the SDG. The WFP can trust the accuracy and reliability of mVAM data in informing its broader goals of promoting food security and decreasing vulnerability. References1. Morrow, N., Mock, N., Bauer, J.M., Browning, J. Knowing Just in Time: Use cases for mobile surveys in the humanitarian world. Procedia Engineering. 2016; 159: 210-216. 2. International Committee of the Red Cross. (2018, March 1). Animals Die, Putting Somalis at Risk As Severe Drought Intensifies. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-food-animals-hungry-drought. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018, September 20). Conflicts and Climate Shocks Aggravate Current Food Insecurity in Many Countries. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1153461/icode/. 4. USAID. (2017, January 31). Ebola: The Recovery, Food Security. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/ebola/food-security. 5. mVAM the Blog. About mVAM. Retrieved from: http://mvam.org/info/. 6. Maxwell, D. and Caldwell, R. (2008). The Coping Strategies Index: A tool for rapid measurement of household food security and the impact of food aid programs in humanitarian emergencies. Field Methods Manual. Second Edition, 2008. 7. Weismann, D., Bassett, L., Benson, T., Hoddinott, J. (2009). Validation of the world food programme’s food consumption score and alternative household food security, IFPRI Discussion Paper, 2009. |
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