“Zoe Lofgren”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Susan Ellen "Zoe" Lofgren ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|oʊ|_|ˈ|l|ɒ|f|ɡ|r|ɪ|n}};^[1]^[2] born December 21, 1947) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for {{ushr|CA|19}}, first elected to Congress in 1994.

She is the district's first female U.S. Representative and a member of the Democratic Party. The district, numbered as the 16th district from 1995 to 2013, includes most of San Jose. She is the ranking member on both the House Committee on House Administration Subcommittee on Oversight, and on the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration Policy and Enforcement.

Early life, education and private career

A Bay Area resident, Lofgren attended Gunn High School (1966) in Palo Alto,^[3] and while in high school, Lofgren was a member of the Junior State of America, a student-run political debate, activism, and student governance organization.^[4] She earned her B.A. degree at Stanford University (1970) and a Juris Doctor degree at Santa Clara University School of Law (1975).^[2]

Returning to San Jose, Lofgren worked in Don Edwards' district office, while at the same time earning her J.D. degree. After two years as partner at an immigration law firm in San Jose, she was elected first to the board of San Jose City College, then to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors, where she served for 13 years.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1994, Lofgren entered the Democratic primary in what was then the 16th District, after Edwards retired after 32 years in Congress. It was the real contest in this heavily Democratic district. A decided underdog, she managed to defeat the favorite, former San Jose mayor Tom McEnery. Lofgren's victory virtually assured her of becoming only the second person to represent the district since its creation in 1963 (it was numbered as the 9th District from 1963 to 1975, as the 10th from 1975 to 1993, the 16th from 1993 to 2013, and has been the 19th since 2013). She has been reelected ten times with no substantive opposition.

Lofgren is the chair of the 34-member California Democratic Congressional Delegation. She serves on the Judiciary Committee and is the chair of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law. In April 2011, she became the first member of Congress to call for federal investigation into the Secure Communities deportation program.^[5]

Beginning in 2009, Lofgren served as chair of the House Ethics Committee. In doing so, she presided over a rare sanction of censure, against long-time member Charles B. Rangel.^[6]

In the Stop Online Piracy Act House Judiciary Committee hearings, she defended the current state of the internet in opposition of the bill. She has also opposed the data retention requirements in the H.R. 1981 (the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011).^[7]

In February 2013, Lofgren became one of the sponsors of the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act to expedite open access to taxpayer-funded research.^[8]

In May, 2016, Lofgren was publicly reprimanded during a House Judiciary Committee hearing after calling witness Gail Heriot of the United States Commission on Civil Rights an "ignorant bigot" because of the characterization of transgender individuals Heriot included in written testimony prior to the hearing.^[9] Following the verbal warning from acting committee chairman Steve King (R, Iowa), Lofgren responded, "I cannot allow that kind of bigotry to go into the record unchallenged."^[10]

Committee assignments

Caucuses

Electoral history

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.patronsaintpr.com/samples/DESK/cdobd.htm|title=Guide to Frequently Mispronounced Congressional Names}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVtFJ5tvINsC&pg=PA289|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|author=Lynne E. Ford|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-_zoKQ-mvQC&pg=PA26&dq=john+collins+married+lofgren+zoe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YfreU7XlBceYyATpgYKgDw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=john%20collins%20married%20lofgren%20zoe&f=false |title=Official Congressional Directory, 2005–2006, 109th Congress, Convened ... |publisher=Congress, Joint Committee on Printing |date= |accessdate=August 4, 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jsa.org/wp-content/uploads/JSA-notables.doc|title=Notable Alumni of the Junior State of America|access-date=December 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203612/http://www.jsa.org/wp-content/uploads/JSA-notables.doc|archive-date=March 3, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/04/congresswoman-calls-for-investigation-of-enforcement-program-that-screens-for-illegal-immigrants-in-.html | title=Congresswoman calls for investigation of enforcement program that screens for illegal immigrants in jails | author=Romney, Lee | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=April 22, 2011}}
6. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120201626.html?hpid=topnews | title=House censures Rep. Charles Rangel in 333–79 vote | author=Kane, Paul | author2=Farentholt, David A. | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=December 2, 2010}}
7. ^{{cite news | first = Grant | last = Gross | title = House Panel Votes to Require ISPs to Keep Customer Records | date = July 28, 2011 | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/236866/house_panel_votes_to_require_isps_to_keep_customer_records.html | work = PC World | accessdate = October 25, 2011}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://lofgren.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=783&Itemid=130 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025054356/http://lofgren.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=783&Itemid=130 |archivedate=October 25, 2013 |title=Reps. Zoe Lofgren, Mike Doyle and Kevin Yoder Introduce Bill Expanding Access to Federally Funded Research}}
9. ^[https://judiciary.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/HHRG-114-JU00-Wstate-HeriotG-20160524.pdf Testimony of Gail Heriot to the Task Force on Executive Overreach], May 26, 2016
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/zoe-lofgren-transphobia_us_5746eee4e4b0dacf7ad403eb|title=Congresswoman Shuts Down Transphobic Woman: 'You're A Bigot, Lady'|first=Paige|last=Lavender|date=May 26, 2016|publisher=|via=Huff Post}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Members|author=|url=https://capac-chu.house.gov/members|format=|publisher=Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus|date=|accessdate=17 May 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Caucus Members|author=|url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=71§iontree=2,71|format=|publisher=Congressional Progressive Caucus|date=|accessdate=30 January 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Membership|author=|url=https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|format=|publisher=Congressional Arts Caucus|date=|accessdate=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140644/https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership|archive-date=June 12, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Members|author=|url=http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/policyCongressionalCaucuses.cfm|format=|publisher=Afterschool Alliance|date=|accessdate=17 April 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Members|author=|url=http://www.ng911institute.org/about-the-congressional-nextgen-9-1-1-caucus|format=|publisher=Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus|date=|accessdate=8 June 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Congressional Freethought Caucus expands rapidly |url=https://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/33110-congressional-freethought-caucus-expands-rapidly |website=Freedom from Religion Foundation |accessdate=26 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926000636/https://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/33110-congressional-freethought-caucus-expands-rapidly |archivedate=26 September 2018}}
17. ^Our Campaigns "California District 16 – Democratic Primary Race," (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
18. ^Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
19. ^Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
20. ^Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
21. ^Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
22. ^2002 Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203072316/http://sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2002_general/congress.pdf |date=February 3, 2009 }} "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
23. ^Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives {{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
24. ^2006 Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127061822/http://sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2006_general/congress.pdf |date=November 27, 2008 }} "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
25. ^2006 Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008" (retrieved on August 8, 2009).
26. ^Office of the California Secretary of State {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019044155/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2012-general/12-us-reps.pdf |date=October 19, 2013 }} (retrieved on August 8, 2009).