| 词条 | Zond 3 |
| 释义 |
| name = Zond 3 | image = ZOND.jpg | image_caption = | image_size = | mission_type = Lunar science | operator = OKB-1 | COSPAR_ID = 1965-056A | SATCAT = 01454 | mission_duration = {{time interval|18 July 1965 14:38|3 March 1966|show=d|duration=on}} | spacecraft_type = 3MV-4 | manufacturer = OKB-1 | launch_mass = {{convert|960|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | dry_mass = | dimensions = | power = | launch_date = {{start-date|July 18, 1965, 14:38}} UTC | launch_rocket = Molniya SL-6/A-2-e | launch_site = Baikonur LC-1/5 | launch_contractor = | disposal_type = | last_contact = {{end-date|March 3, 1966}} | orbit_reference = Heliocentric | orbit_semimajor = | orbit_eccentricity = 0.2683 | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|0.9|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|1.56|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}} | orbit_inclination = 0.5° | orbit_period = 500 days | orbit_epoch = July 19, 1965, 20:00 UTC[1] | apsis = helion |interplanetary = |type = flyby |object = Moon |arrival_date = July 20, 1965 |distance = {{convert|9219|km|mi|abbr=on}} |instruments_list={{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments |name1={{f/|8}}, 106.4 mm focal length camera |name2=Ultraviolet (0.25–0.35 µm) spectrograph |name3=Ultraviolet (0.19–0.27 µm) spectrophotometer |name4=Infrared (3–4 µm) spectrophotometer |name5=Micrometeoroid detector |name6=Radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters) | programme = Zond program | previous_mission = Zond 2 | next_mission = None }} Zond 3 was a 1965 space probe which performed a flyby of the Moon{{'s}} far side,[2] taking a number of quality photographs for its time. It was a member of the Soviet Zond program while also being part of the Mars 3MV project. It was unrelated to Zond spacecraft designed for manned circumlunar missions (Soyuz 7K-L1). It is believed that Zond 3 was initially designed as a companion spacecraft to Zond 2 to be launched to Mars during the 1964 launch window. The opportunity to launch was missed, and the spacecraft was launched on a Mars-crossing trajectory as a spacecraft test, even though Mars was no longer attainable. Spacecraft designThe spacecraft was of the 3MV-4 type, similar to Zond 2.[3] In addition to a 106.4 mm focal length {{f/|8}} imaging system for visible light photography and ultraviolet spectrometry at 285-355 nanometres, it carried ultraviolet (190-275 nanometre) and infrared (3-4 micrometre) spectrophotometers, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), charged particle detector, magnetometer, and micrometeoroid detector.[3][4] It also had an experimental ion engine. Operational historyZond 3 was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on July 18, 1965, at 14:38 UTC, and was deployed from a Tyazhely Sputnik (65-056B) Earth-orbiting platform towards the Moon and interplanetary space. This was a repeat of a mission that failed in late 1963 intended to test communication at distances equivalent to the distances experienced by Mars and Earth.[5] Zond 3's lunar flyby occurred on July 20 with a closest approach of {{convert|9219|km|mi|abbr=on}},[3] approximately {{time interval|18 July 1965 14:38|20 July 1965 02:00|show=h}} after launch. 25 visible light photographs and 3 ultraviolet spectra of very good quality were taken of the lunar surface, beginning at 01:24 UTC and {{convert|11570|km|mi|abbr=on}} prior to closest approach and ending at 02:32 UTC and {{convert|9960|km|mi|abbr=on}} past closest approach, covering a period of 68 minutes.[3][6] The photos covered {{convert|19|e6km2|e6sqmi|abbr=unit}} of the lunar surface.[7] Zond 3 proceeded on a trajectory across Mars' orbit, but not at a time when planetary encounter would occur. These images were transmitted by radio frequency on July 29 at a distance of {{convert|2.25|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}. To test telemetry, the camera film was rewound and retransmitted in mid-August, mid-September, and finally on October 23 at a distance of {{convert|31.5|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}, thus proving the ability of the communications system.[3] The subsequent transmissions were also at progressively slower data rates but higher quality.[5] The mission was ended after radio contact ceased on March 3, 1966, when it was at a distance of {{convert|153.5|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}.[3][4] It operated for 228 days, roughly equivalent to the time needed to survive a journey to Mars and exceeding that needed for Venus.[3] References
1. ^{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1965-056A |title=Zond 3 - Trajectory Details |work=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 2, 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&pg=PA82 |title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |first=Brian |last=Harvey |page=82 |date=August 17, 2007 |isbn=978-0-387-73976-2}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2794/1 |title=The mission of Zond 3 |work=The Space Review |first=Andrew J. |last=LePage |date=July 27, 2015}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgl_C0XrKTUC&pg=PA130 |title=Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries |series=Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |first1=Wesley T. |last1=Huntress, Jr. |first2=Mikhail Ya. |last2=Marov |pages=130-132 |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-7897-4 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-7898-1}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/history-of-space/zond-3-saw-the-moons-far-side-on-its-way-to-mars-130718.htm |title=Zond 3: First to See Moon's Far Side on the Way to Mars |work=Discovery News |first=Amy Shira |last=Teitel |date=July 18, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412065419/http://news.discovery.com/space/history-of-space/zond-3-saw-the-moons-far-side-on-its-way-to-mars-130718.htm |archivedate=April 12, 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/298/deep-space-chronicle-a-chronology-of-deep-space-and-planetary-probes-1958-2000/ |title=Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000 |publisher=NASA |series=Monographs in Aerospace History |first=Asif A. |last=Siddiqi |volume=24 |pages=49-50 |date=June 2002 |id=SP-2002-4524 |isbn=0-16-067405-0}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1965-056A |title=Zond 3 - Details |work=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 2, 2018}} External links{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
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