“Draft:Ningen Dock”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ningen Dock (human general check-up system) is an unique sysytem which developed in Japan, where it plays an important role in preventive medicine. This system can detect cancer and life-style related diseases in the early stage. Therefore, subjects who have any abnormal findings can immediately visit clinics or hospitals to have further examinations, even though they may not yet have symptoms. T

“DOCK” derives from an English term “dock” where ships are loaded and unloaded, or repaired. Therefore, “NINGEN DOG” is wrong.^[1]

Characteristics

Subjects have interviews and physical examinations by a physician. Then, they have some advices and instructions to prevent life-style related diseases as well as other diseases by a physician and/or a specially trained advisers according to the results in Ningen Dock. Persons generally have Ningen Dock in an authorized health care clinic or hospital by the Japan Society of Ningen Dock. It is necessary that subjects should not drink or eat after dinner in the previous day for some examinations. So the confirmation of the length of the fasting time is essential. Subjests can usually have explanations for their results of examinations except for some which reguire a few days to get the final results.

More additional time may be necessary depending on their optional examinations. All examination can usually finish in a half day or a whole day, although 2-day course of Ningen Dock is also provided. It is not necessary that subjects have to visit health care center to have Ningen Dock in concecutive 2 days, they may stay in a guest room in health care center or a hotel in the neibourhood. Some medical institutions may have proposed 5-day course or 1-week course Ningen Dock. However, these courses are not common nowadays.

Abnormality are frequently detcted in tests for liver function, dyslipidemia, obesity, and stomach, lung and kidney diseases. Testing focusing on test items which may deteriolate with aging, such as cognitive function or hormone imbalance etc, and so on, is usually called "Anti-aging Dock".

The costs for Ningen Dock are not compensated by the Japanese medical insurance system. However, some health insurance associaitions offer a certain amount of grant when persons satisfy conditions, such as age over 35 or 40 years old. Ningen Dock may be included as one of medical check-up, which is stipulated by the Japanese law of Labor Standards Act, and Industrial Safety and Health Act.

“Ningen Dock ” would be expressed as “complete physical examination”, “general checkup”, “health screening,” and so on in English.

History

It was in the spring of 1954 when a general checkup for “people who are interested in their health and are not sick” officially developed in Japan.This general checkup in hospitalization was a 6-day “short-term complete and detailed examinations” in the National Tokyo First Hospital, and covers evaluations by all medical departments.^[2]

Worldwide, it was also reported that an insurance company in the United States had conducted a similar checkup system, which was limited to only blood and urine examinations, in the early 1900s.^[2]

One-night and 2-day general health checkup in hospitalization started at St.Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo on September in 1954.^[3]

This general checkup had been initially called “Short-term complete and detailed examination in a stiff style^[3]. However, the term, Ningen Dock , became familiar and appeared in publications by medical societies in mid-1950s^[4]^[5]. (The period of the first publication is unknown).

The following year, 1955, a 5-day visit was performed in OPC of Aichi Prefecture Health Consultation Center.

Medical examinations which are similar to the present system were conceived at St. Luke's International Hospital in 1958, and then, this general checkup has rapidly spreaded across the country.^[2]

Thereafter, 1-day and 2-day general checkup by outpatient visit style, and more extensive form such as 2-night and 3-day general checkup came out based on this 1-night and 2-day general checkup.^[6]

This general checkup became popular, as the terms “geriatric diseases” and “adult-onset diseases” were born.^[5]

Screening methods and test items are improved and also diversified gradually according to the advance in technology.^[7]

Example of test items

Percentage of normal and statistics

According to the research by JAPAN SOCIETY OF Ningen Dock , among persons who had Ningen Dock in 2009, those who were categorized into “normal group” and “slightly abnormal group without any significance” in all ietms tested were approximately 9.5%, which was less than 1 out of 10 persons.

High serum cholesterol level was most frequently found (26.5%), followed by obesity (26.3%) and liver dysfunction (25.8%).

If we collected the most frequently found abnormal items by gender, liver dysfunction (31.4%) and obesity (30.9%) were observed in male. On the other hand, high serum cholesterol level (26.2%) and obesity (19.1%) were observed in female.

Related items

External links

Footnote

1. ^NINGEN DOCK? NINGEN DOG? | WORD (TV terms) -Currently Curious TV Terms (in Japanese) NHK BUNKEN
2. ^¹²Toru Iwatsuka, “The Past and Present of General Health Checkup” Journal of Japan Society of Health Evaluation and Promotion Vol.20 (1993) No.Suppl p.9-14, [https://doi.org/10.7143/jhep1985.20.Suppl_9 doi:10.7143/jhep1985.20.Suppl_9]
3. ^¹3. Shigeaki Hinohara, “Proposals aimed at reform of the NINGEN DOCK” Health Medicine Vol.3 (1988-1989) No.2 p.5-10, [https://doi.org/10.11320/ningendock1986.3.2_5 doi:10.11320/ningendock1986.3.2_5]
4. ^Shigeaki Hinohara et al., “‘NINGEN DOCK’ test results at St. Luke’s International Hospital” Clinical Pathology Vol.3 (1955-12) No.4, NAID 40018627364
5. ^¹5. Kunio Owada, “Adult-onset disease and public health” SEIKATSU EISEI Vol.3 (1959) No.4 p.154-162, [https://doi.org/10.11468/seikatsueisei1957.3.154 doi:10.11468/seikatsueisei1957.3.154]
6. ^Shigeaki Hinohara, “NINGEN DOCK” Journal of Japan Society of Internal Medicine Vol.91 (2002) No.11 p.3147-3149, [https://doi.org/10.2169/naika.91.3147 doi:10.2169/naika.91.3147]
7. ^"Diversified NINGEN DOCK - Focusing on mental health, sports, etc. - " Health Medicine Vol.5 (1990-1991) No.2 p.27, [https://doi.org/10.11320/ningendock1986.5.2_27 doi:10.11320/ningendock1986.5.2_27]