| 词条 | Draft:Olivier Pétré Grenouilleau |
| 释义 |
Olivier Grenouilleau (formerly Pétré-Grenouilleau), born 20 April 1962 in Rumilly (Haute-Savoie), is a French historian. A specialist in the history of slavery, professor since 1999 at the University of South Bretagne and since 2007 at Sciences Po Paris, he joined the Group History and Geography of the General Inspectorate of National Education (IGEN) in 2009. Since 1990, he has been studying Slave Trades, particularly the slave trade in Nantes. BiographyHis father, a postman, and his mother, a labourer in a biscuit factory, had three children. Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau spent his youth in the suburbs of Nantes. Married, he is the father of two children. After ten years of teaching in college and high school, he supported his thesis of history on the slave environment of the city of Nantes in 1994. He began his academic career in 1995 as a lecturer and became a professor in 1999 at the University of Bretagne-Sud. In May 2007, he succeeded Jean-Pierre Azéma as professor of history at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (political sciences institute of Paris) . Work on Slave TradesA book of referenceFrom 1999 to 2004, he was appointed junior member of the Institut universitaire de France. He is thus able to write a book of synthesis which brings to the knowledge of French readers the numerous works carried out by American or British historians on the subject "Slave Trades. A global History Essay". He reconsiders the subject of the trade of Black people, in a global way, and in its various aspects: Eastern Trade; Intra-African Trade; Western Trade. His work was awarded several times in 2005: he was awarded the Prix de l'essay de l'Académie française, the Senate prize for history, the Chateaubriand prize. Yves Lacoste, a french geographer and a geopoliticologist, in a complimentary report from 2005, supports this book: "Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, besides the presentation of his personal reflection, fruit of his research, takes stock of a considerable mass of books and articles (mostly English) dealing with a huge issue.” [1] To a question on the quarrel of the figures concerning the number of slaves of the various trades, Olivier Pétré Grenouilleau answers: " It is necessary to say at first that the abominable character of the trade is not correlated in figures. The fact that the oriental trade - in the direction of North Africa and the Middle East - affected more people has to lead by no means to minimize that of Europe and Americas. On the other hand, I am surprised that some are scandalized that we dare to speak not western trade. All the victims are honorable and I do not see why it would be necessary to forget some. The transatlantic trade is quantitatively the least important: 11 million slaves left Africa towards Americas or the Atlantic islands between 1450 and 1869, and 9,6 millions arrived there. The trade which I prefer to call "oriental" rather than Muslim's - because the Koran expresses no prejudices of race or colour — concerned 17 million black Africans between 650 and 1920. As for the intra-African trade, an American historian, Patrick Manning, estimates that it represents the equivalent of 50% of all deportees outside of Black Africa, so half of 28 million. It’s probably more than that. One of the best specialists in the history of pre-colonial Africa, Martin Klein, explains that around 1900, in French West Africa alone, there were more than 7 million slaves. It is therefore probably not an exaggeration to say that there were perhaps more than 14 million of them, for the continent, over a period of thirteen centuries.” Denying this view, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, a specialist in the colonization and decolonisation of Africa, herself disputed for some of her views, express that, according to her: “the book reproduces, as assured, figures that are still hypothetical: those of the Arab trades.” She adds: “As for the Fourteen million slaves who, in addition, have been "traded" and used within the black continent by the Africans themselves, this is a figure without any serious basis.” In 2015, he received the Grand Prix Gobert. PolemicAn association of french overseas territories members (Antilles and Réunion island) filed a complaint for "negation of a crime against humanity", based on a new french law by the minister of Justice Christiane Taubira, defining that trafficking of blacks having been recognized as such a crime by French Law No 2001-434 of 23 May 2001, “for the recognition of trafficking and slavery as a crime against humanity.” In the interview with the newspaper JDD, on the question of "the anti-Semitism conveyed by [a french humorist]" on slave trade, the historian answer in the same time on the accusations against him: "This accusation against the Jews was born in the American black community of the 1970s. Today it bounces back to France. This goes beyond the [french humorist] case. It is also the problem of the Taubira law which considers the trade of blacks by Europeans as a "crime against humanity", including a comparison with the Shoah. Slave trades are not genocide. The purpose of trade was not to exterminate a people. The slave was considered as an "asset" that had a market value that they wanted to make work as much as possible. Jewish genocide and the slave trade are different processes. There is no Richter scale of suffering.” The group demands that Olivier Grenouilleau “be suspended from his academic duties for revisionism.” Member of Parliament PRG Christiane Taubira stated that, according to her, the fact that Olivier Grenouilleau, a university professor, “paid by National Education from public funds”, could teach his “theses” to students is a “real problem”. Olivier Grenouilleau is supported by nineteen historians and by nearly 600 teachers and researchers through an appeal published in the daily Liberation, which defends the «freedom of scientific research» and criticizes memorial laws in particular. The association withdrew its complaint in February 2006, in order not to make its actions counter-productive in view of the poor reception of this complaint by the media and certain historians. The president of the Survie association, Odile Tobner, criticized Olivier Grenouilleau’s approach at the end of 2007. Works
Nantes in the time of the slave trade, the Hachette, Paris, on 1998, 280 p.
(ed.) , From Slave Trade to Empire. Europe and the Colonisation of Black Africa (1780s-1880s), (“Introduction” and “Cultural systems of Representation, Economic Interests and French penetration into Black Africa, 1780s-1880s”), Routledge, London, 2004, p. 1-17; 157-184 (acts of a symposium held in Lorient in 2001).
Slave trades. Global history essay, Gallimard, coll. “Bibliothèque des Histoires,” Paris, 2004, 468 pp. ({{ISBN|2070734994}})
(éd.) , abolitionism and society (France, Switzerland, Portugal, eighteenth centuries), (“Introduction” and “abolitionism and nationalism: the painful positioning of French abolitionists”), Karthala, Paris, 2005 (acts of a symposium held in Lorient in 2004).
References1. ^{{Article|langue=fr|prénom=Yves|nom=Lacoste|lien auteur=Yves Lacoste|titre=Hérodote a lu : Les Traites négrières, essai d’histoire globale|périodique=Hérodote|lien périodique=Hérodote (revue)|numéro=117|mois=deuxième trimestre|année=2005|url texte=http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=HER_117_0193|consulté le=10 décembre 2008|pages=196}}. Olivier Pétré Grenouilleau |
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