“Draft:Pacifico Licutan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The major thing is the Impact on Latin American Islam section sounds like it's not written from a neutral point of view. Words like Unfortunately indicate you're trying to express an opinion, which encyclopedia articles shouldn't do. If you're presenting the opinions of your source, you should be more explicit about that, i.e. According to ...,

Please see INCITE for how references are supposed to be formatted. In particular, you should have the reference after the punctuation at the end of a sentence.

Also, the grammar and sentence structure is a bit choppy in places. I'm guessing you are not a native English speaker? Could you find somebody to help you smooth out the writing?

Again, this is a very good draft, and I strongly encourage you to work on fixing up these problems, with the neutral point of view issue being the most critical. With a little bit of work, this will make a nice addition to the encyclopedia.|ns=118|u=MartyJaX|decliner=RoySmith|declinets=20180904185523|ts=20180904175844}}

Also known as Bilal{{dn|date=March 2018}}^[1], following and in his trial related to the 1835 Malê revolt. This was a connection to the Islamic figure Bilal ibn Rabah, as well as a regional word for prayer caller^[1]. Pacífico Licutan was a Muslim slave and Islamic community and religious leader in colonial Brazil in the 1800's, and was involved in the 1835 Malê Revolt in a leadership capacity^[2]. He was not killed in the revolt but did die shortly afterwards, after February 11, 1835. His Birth-date is unknown.

Personal Information

Litucan was a tobacco roller living in Salvador, Bahia Brazil. Owned as he was by docter, Antonio Pinto de mesquite Varalle^[1], Litucan was nevertheless was active in the Islamic community and was considered a mestre, or teacher in Portuguese, or alufa to the Yoruba, his community^[2]. Attempts to buy Litucan and free him by his Islamic fellows and followers were ineffective, refused twice. When his owner died he was seized and imprisoned in November of 1834, to be sold away in order to service debts of his deceased master.^[1]

As a Nagô, he came from and area we would now call Nigeria, Cameroon, or Equatorial Guiana. Despite only making up 4.5% of Brazilian slaves, Nagô people were common in Bahia particularly, and more frequently Muslim, contributing to the closely knit community in Salvador.^[2]

Bahian Malê Revolt, 1835

Over the month of Ramadan he was held, the Moslem community plotted the eventual revolt,actually leaking the plan by accident. Leading up the to night of Layla al-Quadr, or the night of Power and destiny, the government prepared for the revolt. In the Islamic tradition, it is the night Muhammad first received gods word, the Quran,^[1] and as such, there is great significance in that particular night, when angels are nearest the earth. Before the night of January 25th, 1835, troops moved on the soon to be rebels and attacked at breakfast, and Bahian Slave revolt began^[1]. The slaves were, with relative ease, crushed, attacking the prison and barracks but breaking before sustained fire and cavalry charges.^[3]

The majority of the Group were Malê African Slaves, and many were from the Bight of Benin despite its low share to total Slave imports^[4]. Litucan was Yoruban, also refered to as the ethnic group Nagô, as opposed to the Hausa ethnicity, the predominant Muslim group to come across to Brazil at this time, and which was the largest group of Muslims in Salvador or Bahia at the time^[4]. 61% of Tried slaves after the revolt were Nagô, and Nagô leaders show up most in period documentation of the revolt and the individuals held responsible for the distuption and loss of life.^[1]^[5]

After the revolt was ended, the Brazilian authorities failed, despite torturing him, to acquire names of other Muslims or students of the old Alufa. In records pertaining to the uprising written shortly after it happened, Licutan is recorded as either the most or the second most beloved figure in the Muslim community at the time^[2], and the recognized authority in a religious tradition for which all scriptural forms had to have been brought over by memory^[6].

Impact on Latin American Islam

Unfortunately, this even is one of the few Muslim related topics with even moderate engagement in the historical community, as a result proper comparison to particularly other Muslim revolts but even other religious groups is limited compared to other regions.^[3]

However, it is highly notable, the relationship of this revolt to Brazil's mindset on slave revolts, and to Latin American Muslims in general, because of that very scarcity. In near every passage or book addressing slavery in regards to Brazil the 1835 revolt id dwelt on, often with diverging conclusion. Historiographically the jury is not out on exactly what role Islam did play in the inciting of the Large revolt, and what conclusions to draw from data regarding previous smaller revolts.^[4]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875884462|title=The call of Bilal : Islam in the African diaspora|last=1970-|first=Curtis, Edward E.,|isbn=9781469618111|location=Chapel Hill|oclc=875884462}}
2. ^¹²³{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57201874|title=Black crescent : the experience and legacy of African Muslims in the Americas|last=1955-|first=Gomez, Michael A.,|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521600798|location=Cambridge|oclc=57201874}}
3. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Chitwood|first=Ken|date=2017-06-01|title=The Study of Islam and Muslim Communities in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Americas: the State of the Field|journal=International Journal of Latin American Religions|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=57–76|doi=10.1007/s41603-017-0008-3|issn=2509-9957}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182529000|title=Latin American religions : histories and documents in context|date=2008|publisher=New York University Press|others=Peterson, Anna Lisa, 1963-, Vásquez, Manuel A.|isbn=9780814767313|location=New York|oclc=182529000}}
5. ^http://www.pppg.ufma.br/cadernosdepesquisa/uploads/files/Artigo%205(5).pdf
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil|last=Reis|first=Joao Jose|publisher=Johns Hopkins U. Press|year=1993|isbn=|location=Boston|pages=121–41}}