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词条 Draft:Peace treaty with North Korea
释义

  1. Overview

      Agreed Framework between U.S. and North Korea DPRK  

  2. History

  3. Opinions and Interest

  4. Problems of Peace Treaty

  5. Challenges with Peace Treaty

  6. See also

  7. References

      Citations  

  8. Further reading

{{Draft article|subject=warfare}}

A Peace Treaty with North Korea is a proposed settlement to end all military hostility on the Korean Peninsula and a follow-up to the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement, which was intervened by the United Nations after the Korean War,[1] Although the fact was reported on very little by the press and unbeknownst to many, an initial peace agreement between U.S. and North Korea was signed at Geneva Agreed Framework on October 21, 1994. the 39th President Jimmy Carter states that North Korea's nuclear development was halted as per this treaty [2] for more than eight years.[3] The current driving force of the reassessment of peace treaty would be a rapid advancement of the North Korean missile program which is that the US government believes North Korea will be able to launch a reliable, nuclear-capable intercontinental ballistic missile to United States main land no later than middle of 2018.[4]

China requested U.S. a diplomatic solution about cessation to the missile program of North Korea, and declared to fight alongside North Korea if the U.S. launches a pre-emptive strike to North Korea.

[5]Russia has deployed heavy military equipment towards its border with North Korea[6] amid mounting fears of a military clash between North Korea Pyongyang and the United States.[7]

Overview

As North Korea’s nuclear and missile program is advancing, the United States has been considering a military option[8] or a negotiation with North Korea to try securing its' denuclearization [9]

  • On year 1994 Bill Clinton administration signed a bilateral framework with North Korea, via Jimmy Carter that froze Pyongyang’s Nuclear power program [10] However, U.S. Congress dominance had shifted to the Republican Party, who opposed the agreement [11][12]. Without endorsement of U.S. Congress, Bill Clinton administration unable to keep the key promises : building two LWR (light-water reactor)s and formal Peace treaty. In year 2002 U.S.President George W. Bush labeled North Korea as part of Axis of evil and cancelled the Agreed Framework.

China suggested the security arrangement between Washington and Pyongyang would be a solution [13] for the current nuclear issue. Russia does not believe that North Korea would ever attack the United States, but North Korea wants to prove their military capability that North Korea can use missiles in response to an attack on its territory if the U.S. uses its Preemptive Strike option.[14]

South Korea: On July 6, 2017, President Moon Jae-In participated in the G20 summit conference in Berlin, Germany, and used the term "peace treaty with North Korea" in his invitation speech and proposed five principles about how the Korean peninsula can resolve the nuclear issues with North Korea.[15] Considering the terms of the Peace Treaty with North Korea, it is called the Peace Treaty between U.S. and North Korea, or the Peace Treaty on the Korean Peninsula.

Agreed Framework between U.S. and North Korea DPRK

  • Motivation : Withdrawal of DPRK from NPT and non-compliance of IAEA safeguards.
  • Signed Date: October 21, 1994 by U.S. Ambassador Robert Gallucci and DPRK Vice-minister Kang Sok-ju
  • Summary: Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and initial Peace agreement between U.S. and North Korea [16][17]
States Agreed Items Progress
United States }} * Make arrangement for 2 X LWR 1000 MWe reactors to DPRK by 2003.
* Provide DPRK with formal assurance of peace and security against the use of nuclear weapons by U.S.
* Deliver 500,000 tons heavy oil annually to DPRK as an alternative Energy 		* The heavy oil was delivered to DPRK with some delays
* The funding of LWR project was not approved by US congress
* The agreement was regarded Appeasement by the U.S. Republican Party
North Korea }} * Freeze 5MWe nuclear reactor and 50 & 200 MWe nuclear reactor under-construction
* Take steps to 1992 Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
* Remain a party to the NPT and Dismantlement of DPRK nuclear reactors when LWR project is completed 		* Halted the 5MWe nuclear reactor, and construction of 50 & 200 MWe nuclear reactors
* Requested the delivery of the promised LWR reactors ASAP
* Accused the hostile policy of U.S. about delaying heavy oil supplies & "Axis of evil"
Mutual tasks and Results* Open a liaison office in the other's capital for expert level discussions
* Reduce barriers to trade, investment and financial transactions
* Upgrade bilateral relations to the ambassadorial level between U.S. and DPRK		* LWR project was continuously delayed because of refutation from U.S. Congress
* It was successful for freezing DPRK plutonium production for eight years by December 2002
* The agreement substantially cancelled by both side on the year 2003 January.

History

The United States is increasingly meet the need of denuclearization of North Korea through a peace treaty with North Korea, due to the persistent nuclear test by North Korea and the rapid development of ICBM technology capable of attacking from North Korea to the United States.[18]

  • On July 27, 1953, after the Korean War, Although President Syngman Rhee disagreed with the United States' pursuit of a ceasefire with China and separation about North and South Korea. However, under the U.S.A – led United Nations intervention, the two Koreas were divided. After the Geneva Conference (1954), President Rhee hopes the unification under the general election of the two Koreas by the surveillance of the United Nations, but due to the many starved soldiers and political problems after the war, In 1960, Rhee resigned from his presidential post.[19][20]
  • On May 16, 1961, President Park Chung-hee, who took control of the South Korea by military coup. In the 1960s, to restore the Korean economy after Korean War, "Reunification of Korea after the construction of economy" was the motto which is focused on economic recovery and national strength. In the 1970s, after the internationalization of Détente and the success of Korean economic development, the two countries began negotiations on inter-Korean negotiations and, in 1972, the 7 · 4 South and North Korea Joint Statement was drawn up, but it was used to amend the Constitution for the long-term administration of its regime, justifying the need for independent reunification without foreign interference. There was no further implementation for reunification with North Korea, and President Park had a continuous disagreement with the United States due to nuclear development for self- defense of South Korea military, On October 26, 1979, President Park Chung-hee was assassinated by Kim Jae-gyu, director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.[21]
  • In February 1998, President Kim Dae-Jung promoted embracing and dialogue with North Korea through the engagement of the Sunshine Policy. On June 15, 2000, President Kim made a summit meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il in Pyongyang and announced the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration of North – South Joint Statement that South and North are pursuing unification at a moderate and practical level. President Kim maintained diplomatic relations with U.S.A President Bill Clinton [22] President Roh Moo-hyun succeeded Kim Dae jung in 2007 and superseded in another summit meeting with North Korea Kim Jong-il in 2007. However, after the sudden death of Kim Jong-il, inter-Korean relations could no longer be developed.[23]
  • August 2003, SPT(Six-Party Talks) started with the U.S.A, China, Japan, Russia, North Koreaand South Korea. Although SPT produced three significant international agreements for denuclearizing the Korean peninsula, SPT was unable to achieve the final verification protocol of the goal and stood on hold from early December 2008.[24] The United States is increasingly meet the need of denuclearization of North Korea through a peace treaty with North Korea, due to the persistent nuclear test by North Korea and the rapid development of ICBM technology capable of attacking from North Korea to the United States.[25]
  • Since 2009, President Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have continued to pressure the North Korean economy, including sanctions on the UN Security Council, through a policy of strategic patience and a diplomatic demand from Korean Present Park Geun-hye.[26][27] Obama believes that infiltration of internet to North Korea would affect their closed society and he has been waiting for resolving the North Korean nuclear and missile Program issue through collapsing of its regime.[28] The US Wall Street Journal reported on February 2016 that it had secretly discussed the conclusion of the US – North Korea peace treaty in early 2016, just before the fourth nuclear test by North Korea.[29]
  • In May 2016, US Secretary of Defense, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper met with Korea Defense Secretary Han Min-goo and Korean Central Intelligence Agency personnel to discuss their position on the Peace treaty with North Korea then return to the United States.[30][31]
  • On August 5, 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping called for Donald Trumpresolve the North Korean nuclear issue through a peaceful resolution on the principle that mutual respect between the nations in the face of heightened military tensions. At the G20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany in 2017, he also reaffirmed the discussion on peace settlement in the Korean Peninsula.[32]

Opinions and Interest

Through the peace treaty on the Korean Peninsula, the North and South Koreas and neighboring countries have a consensus on the settlement of permanent peace and the elimination of the danger of nuclear war, but they have different interests in comprehensive terms.[33]

  • In United States, it is desired to supremacy in the influence to Asia pacific, wants a way to hold a North Korea's nuclear development and denuclearisation of North Korea.[34][35]

Regarding the issues of Nu clear, October/2017, United States the former President Jimmy Carter suggested the permanent peace treaty with north Korea to defuse the Nuclear War with North Korea.[36]

  • Britain would not involve in the war with North Korea as per the limitation of coverage of UK to NATO, Africa and the Middle East. The former UK Chief of Defence: General Lord Richards suggested a diplomatic outcome should be implemented with Russia and China.[37]
  • German Chancellor Angela Merkel opposed the military option from Donald Trump's speech. She also states that we should count on diplomatic efforts as a priority.[38]
  • Iranian president Hassan Rouhani Emphasized that Washington should be trustful with the international nuclear treaty about Iran deal which is Tehran when Trump threats to back out the settlement with Iran.[39]
  • In China, It is required to keep a North Korea as a buffer country to western countries. and maintain China's authority over the North Korea, hoping for a peace treaty to lift North Korea's nuclear weapons only.[40]
  • Russia wants to unite domestic public opinion, demonstrating its global capacity as an advanced mediator of North Korea issue in the international community. After the reunification of North and South Korea, Russia emphasizes the disposal of chemical weapons and Biological agent that do not spread to the outside, and hopes to expand economic cooperation such as Russia's massive export of natural gas in the future.[41]
  • North Korea would be willing to discontinue the nuclear weapons development program through the peace treaty, but to ensure the security of their regime survival they wish to maintain the current nuclear weapons.[42][43]
  • In Berlin Germany G20 summit 2017, South Korea announced the requirement of exchange between North Korea's abandonment of nuclear missile programs and UN economic sanctions with the relaxation of military exercises.[44]

Problems of Peace Treaty

  • It might not be important to establish a peace treaty within the current UN system. It is emphasized that it is important to establish practical peace through 'change of phenomenon' such as North Korea's abandonment of Nuclear weapons. and Chemical weapons [45]
  • North Korea does not consider South Korea to be an equal dialogue partner for a peace treaty. The logic is that South Korea can not be a party to a peace treaty because South Korea did not exist in the parties to the existing Korean armistice agreement. In particular, North Korea refers to the peace treaty should happen between North Korea and the United States, and South Korea is not even mentioned in the United States Trump Administration. Even though China has been victimized by Chinese troops much more than North Koreans after helping North Korea force by fighting for North Koreans in a situation where North Korea was annihilated by UN forces during the Korean War, even China does not mention on the peace treaty partner, it is out of the question. It is irrational to discuss only the peace treaty between North Korea and U.S., except for Korea and China, whose international capabilities are larger than ever, with the aim of halting the development of North Korea's nuclear missiles anyhow.[46]
  • What is most crucial to North Korea is the withdrawal of USFK and US military equipment. The reason is that in the peaceful situation of the two Koreas, foreign troops and military equipment no longer need to be stationed. But in this case, South Korea will be vulnerable, and the deterrent will be reduced. With this in mind, there is also the possibility that North Korea will come down to achieve military reunification, the United States should be cautious the withdrawal of US troops.[47]
  • North Korea requested a peace treaty guaranteeing the security of the regime by providing 10 years of gratuitous aid for 60 billion dollars each year on the condition of disposing of nuclear weapons, as described in the May 2017 issue of Hong Kong's influential monthly magazine(ChengMing). It is more than twice as much as North Korea's annual gross domestic product (GDP) of $ 28 billion (estimated by the CIA).[48] and It is 9% of US Defense budget $639 billion.

Challenges with Peace Treaty

  • China expects to be guaranteed the current exclusive right for the next fifteen to fifty years to develop a large number of mining[49] and fisheries resources [50] that have now been concluded with North Korea. China might consider the new international cooperation of development project. North Korea has more than $ 10 trillion of unexplored minerals resources (examples: Iron, Gold, magnesite crystal, zinc, Copper, rare earth Metals) and fisheries (examples: squid, shellfish and crabs).[51]
  • In United States, The number of United States Forces Korea stationed with 28,500 troops, the largest force outside of the America,[52] is the US influence in Asia pacific region. To achieve the diplomatic solutions to the current nuclear and intercontinental ballistic missile problems with North Korea and China,[53] the consent from U.S.Congress [54] should be required to reduce the number of US forces in Korea.[55]
  • Mr. Trump's chief strategist Steve Bannon indicated that in order to resolve the nuclear issue of North Korea, if US use the military option, ten million people in Seoul would die within first 30 minutes from the conventional weapons, and suggested the decreasement of USFK(United States Forces Korea) as a diplomatic proposal.[56][57] Concerning the military option, the US Secretary of Defense Rex Tillerson stressed the military response is ready for the North Korea's nuclear weapons and ICBM program.[58]
  • Heritage Foundation, Director Larry Wortzel states that it is sensible to conclude a Peace Treaty between U.N. and North Korea even if the United States takes the initiative as the previous Armistice Agreement was signed by the United Nations and 972,214 soldiers were fought for Korean War and 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing, 566,434 wounded under the UN flag.[59]

See also

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Korean conflict
  • Northern Limit Line
  • Korean reunification
  • Military Demarcation Line
  • Index of Korea-related articles
  • North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
  • Korean Armistice Agreement
  • Peace treaty
  • Paris Peace Accords
  • Peace of Westphalia
  • International law
{{div col end}}

References

Citations

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48. ^{{cite news |first= JongDae |last= Ha |date=12 May 2017 |title= [Editorial committee Mr. Ha's Mobile Column] "North Korea Abandons Nuclear Weapons for Six Billion Dollars" |work= HongKong Press about North Korea |url=http://news.donga.com/Main/3/all/20170511/84323371/1 |accessdate= 29 August 2017}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/04/12/2007041200061.html |title="China monopolized North Korean Mineral Resource Development Rights" |publisher= chosun.com/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-17 |language= Korean}}
50. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=117375 |title= North Korea 5.24 Measures for 4 years · China to sweep up to East Sea squid |publisher= pressian.com|date= |accessdate=2017-09-02 |language= Korean}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1004330/north-korea-is-sitting-on-trillions-of-dollars-on-untapped-wealth-and-its-neighbors-want-a-piece-of-it/ |title="North Korea is sitting on Trillions of dollars of untapped wealth, and its neighbors want in" |publisher= qz.com/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-23 |language= English}}
52. ^{{cite web|url= http://index.heritage.org/military/2017/assessments/operating-environment/asia/ |title= 2017 INDEX OF US MILITARY STRENGTH in In Asia (Heritage Foundation.) |publisher= heraldk.com/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-27 |language= English}}
53. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-allison-china-war-20170808-story.html |title= China's ready for war ― against the U.S. if necessary |publisher=latimes.com |date= |accessdate=2017-08-27 |language= English}}
54. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/meager-ground-forces-extensive-global-challenges-primer-the-us-president-2017L |title= Extensive Global Challenges: A Primer for the U.S. President in 2017 " |publisher= heritage.org |date= |accessdate=2017-09-02 |language= English}}
55. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/06/22/0200000000AKR20170622139100009.HTML |title="China Proposes U.S. Negotiations on reduction of United States Forces Korea with exchange of the North Korea Nuclear Freeze" |publisher= yonhapnews.co.kr |date= |accessdate=2017-08-27 |language= Korean}}
56. ^{{cite web|url= http://time.com/4904066/steve-bannon-north-korea-military-solution/ |title= Steve Bannon: "There's no Military Solution' to North Korea" |publisher= time.comm/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-23 |language= English}}
57. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/08/17/steve_bannon_rules_out_a_military_option_in_north_korea_and_contradicts.html |title= Steve Bannon, of All People, Fully Contradicted Trump When He Ruled Out Military Force Against North Korea |publisher= time.comm/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-23 |language= English}}
58. ^{{cite web|url= http://time.com/4905989/donald-trump-steve-bannon-rex-tillerson-north-korea/ |title= President Trump's Top Defense and Diplomatic Chiefs Insist "There's A Military Option for North Korea" |publisher= time.com/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-23 |language= English}}
59. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.heritage.org/asia/report/why-north-korea-should-sign-peace-treaty-the-un-not-theus|title= Why North Korea Should Sign a Peace Treaty with the U.N., Not the U.S.(Heritage Foundation.) |publisher= heraldk.com/|date= |accessdate=2017-08-17 |language= English}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Dong|first=Wonmo|title=The Two Koreas and the United States: Issues of Peace, Security and Economic Cooperation: Issues of Peace, Security and Economic Cooperation|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-50067-6}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Kwak|first1=Tae-Hwan|last2=Joo|first2=Seung-Ho|title=The Korean Peace Process and the Four Powers|year=2003|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-3653-3}}
  • {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Hazel|title=Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea|year=2005|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1-929223-59-6}}
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