“Draft:Proto-Visayan language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Draft:Proto-Visayan language

释义

Phonology
Consonants Vowels
Grammar
Verbs
References

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The Proto-Visayan language (PBs) is the postulated reconstructed ancestor of the Visayan languages, a group of closely-related varieties belonging to Austronesian. Its foremost proponent is David Zorc (1977) who analyzed data from 31 attested Visayan varieties including comparisons with two main Central Philippine co-branches, Tagalog and Bikol languages.^[1] Among its descendants today with the largest number of speakers are Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kinaray-a, Tausug, and Aklanon, most natively spoken in the Philippines.

Phonology

David Zorc's (1977:201) reconstruction of Proto-Visayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels. Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) were also reconstructed. It was noted that most phonemes were retained from Proto-Central Philippines (PCP), but a few such as the initial *r and intervocalic *d were found to be in question due to the already problematic status of these phonemes based on reconstructions from Proto-Philippine (PPh) and as early as Proto-Austronesian (PAn).^[1]

Consonants

**Proto-Visayan Consonants**
		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	Voiceless	{{IPA\|p}}	{{IPA\|t}}	{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}*
Plosive	Voiced	{{IPA\|b}}	{{IPA\|d}}*	{{IPA\|ɡ}}
Nasal		{{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|n}}	{{IPA\|ŋ}}
Fricative		{{IPA\|s}}	{{IPA\|h}}*
Lateral		{{IPA\|l}}*
Approximant		{{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|j}}*

Occurrences of [ʔ], [d], [h], [l], and [j] differ across varieties.
[d] is allophonic as found in other Philippine languages outside Visayan. This can be described by intervocalic and initial forms. Such is danaw (lake) in PCP, which carried over as danaw to most Visayan languages, but reshaped to lanaw in Tausug and Cebuano. Compare this to ranao in Maranao, a Mindanao language.
There is greater analogical reshaping in intervocalic d as in PAn hadəq into harək, haluk and haroq.

Vowels

**Proto-Visayan Vowels**
Height	Front	Central	Back
Close	{{IPA\|i}}		{{IPA\|u}}
Mid		{{IPA\|ə}}*
Open		{{IPA\|a}}

Grammar

Verbs

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Zorc|first1=David Paul|title=The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction|date=1977|publisher=Australian National University|location=Canberra|isbn=0-85883-157-0|url=http://www.zorc.net/publications/019=Bisayan_Zorc1977.pdf}}

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